Iraqi EFL Teachers' Awareness and Use of Micro and Macro-skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.Vol2.Iss29.1369الكلمات المفتاحية:
awareness، micro-skills، macro-skillsالملخص
الملخص
إنَّ تدريس اللغة الانكليزية وتعلّمها يتطلب التمكّن من مجموعة من المهارات, منها المهارات الرئيسة الأربع: الإصغاء, الكلام, القراءة, والكتابة, وكلٌّ من هذه المهارات تحتوي على مهارات فرعية أخرى تسمّى المهارات الصغيرة (الثانوية) والمهارات الكبيرة (الرئيسة), وإنّ معرفة المهارات الفرعية تُعدُّ ضروريةً لمدرسي اللغة الانكليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية؛ لأنّ عملية التدريس لا تنجز إلّا بمعرفة تلك المهارات, وتُعدّ تلك المهارات الرئيسة والثانوية جزءاً لا يتجزّأ من العملية التدريسية التي من خلالها يستطيع المدرسون أن يضعوا أهداف الدرس, وتحليله, ووضع اختبارات, وتحديد الوقت المطلوب لكلِّ نشاطٍ دراسيّ, وغيرها؛ ولمعرفة مدى ادراك تلك المهارات واستعمالها من قبل المدرسين أعدّتْ أداة تتكون من مقابلة واستبيان عرضتْ على عيّنة من المدرسين, وأظهرت النتائج أنّ أغلبَ مدرسي اللغة الانكليزية العراقيين لم يدركوا تلك المهارات, ولم يستعملوها في عملية التدريس .
المراجع
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Ary, D., Jacobs, C., & Razavieh, A. (1990). Introduction to research in education. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education 2013 Impact of Awareness Raising about Listening Micro-skills on the Listening Comprehension Enhancement: An Exploration of the Listening Micro-skills in EFL Classes Amir Rezaei University of Malaya, a_rezaie@siswa.um.edu.my
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Ben-Peretz, M. (2011). Teacher knowledge: What is it? How do we uncover it? What are its implications for schooling? Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 3-9.
Brown, H. D. (1980). Principles of language learning and teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
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Brown, H. D. (2004). Language assessment: Principles and classroom practices. NY: Longman.
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Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., & Kemp, J. E., (2001). Designing effective instruction (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Munby, J. (1978). Communicative syllabus design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myles, J. (2002). Second language writing and research: The writing process and error analysis in student texts. . Retrieved from http://www.jbm2@post.queensu.ca.
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Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5–33.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (Ed.). (2002). Longman dictionary of applied language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Pearson Education Limited. ELT Voices-Volume (5), Issue (6), (2015)
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of language Teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Longman: Pearson Education.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [20]
Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. New York: Cambridge University Press. [21] Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [22]
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5–33. [23]
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (Ed.). (2002). Longman dictionary of applied language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Pearson Education Limited. ELT Voices-Volume (5), Issue (6), (2015) 7
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of language Teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Longman: Pearson Education.
Materials to Develop Microskills and Macroskills: Are There Any Principles? Mohammad Reza Mozayan Ph.D. candidate in TEFL, English Language Department, Shahid SadoughiUniversity of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Corresponding email address mozayan38@yahoo.com
Robinson, p. (2009). Syllabus design. In M. H. Long & C. J. Doughty (Eds.), The handbook of language teaching (pp. 292-310). Malden: Wiley- Blackwell.
Scrivener, J. (2011). Learning teaching: The essential guide to English language education (3rd ed.). Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Tomlinson, B. (2010). Principles of effective materials development. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials: Theory and practice Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (2011). Introduction: Principles and procedures of materials development. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (2012). Materials development for language learning and teaching. State-of-the-art-article. Language Teaching, 45(2), 143–179. doi:10.1017/S0261444811000528.
Ur, P. (2012). A course in English language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [31] White, R. V. (1988). The ELT curriculum: Design, innovation and management. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Nunan, D. (1989). Syllabus design. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [19]
Appendix (1)
Ary, D., Jacobs, C., & Razavieh, A. (1990). Introduction to research in education. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education 2013 Impact of Awareness Raising about Listening Micro-skills on the Listening Comprehension Enhancement: An Exploration of the Listening Micro-skills in EFL Classes Amir Rezaei University of Malaya, a_rezaie@siswa.um.edu.my
Basturkmen, H. (2006). Ideas and options in English for specific purposes. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ben-Peretz, M. (2011). Teacher knowledge: What is it? How do we uncover it? What are its implications for schooling? Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 3-9.
Brown, H. D. (1980). Principles of language learning and teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. White Plains, NY: Addison-Wesley.
Brown, H. D. (2004). Language assessment: Principles and classroom practices. NY: Longman.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An introductive approach to language pedagogy (3rd ed.). NY: Pearson Education.
Brown, J. D. (1998). Does IELTS preparation work? An application of the context-adaptive model of language program evaluation. IELTS Research Reports .
Cambridge, E. (2011). Using the CEFR: Principles of good practice. Cambridge ESOL.
Craven, E. (2012). The quest for IELTS Band 7.0: Investigating English language proficiency development of international students at an Australian university. IELTS Research Reports .
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Plano, V. C., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 236-264.
ELT Voices- International Journal for Teachers of English Volume (5), Issue (6), 1-7 (2015) ISSN Number: 2230-9136 (http://www.eltvoices.in)
Ellis, R. (2010). Second language acquisition research and language-teaching materials. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials: Theory and practice (pp. 44-78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, N. W., James Hartshorn, K., & Anderson, N. J. (2010). A principled approach to content-based materials development for reading. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farhady , H. (2005). Reflection on and directions for ESP material development in SAMT. In G. Kiany & M. Khayamdar (Eds.), Proceedings of the first national ESP/EAP conference. Tehran: SAMT.
Harwood, N. (2010). Issues in material development and design. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kumaravadivelu,B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language teaching: From method to postmethod. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mann, S. (2011). A critical review of qualitative interviews in applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 33(1), 6-24.
McDonough, D., & Shaw, C. (2003). Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher's guide (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
McDonough, D., Shaw, C., & Masuhara, H. (2013). Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher's Guide (3rd ed.). Malden Blackwell Publishing.
Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., & Kemp, J. E., (2001). Designing effective instruction (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Munby, J. (1978). Communicative syllabus design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myles, J. (2002). Second language writing and research: The writing process and error analysis in student texts. . Retrieved from http://www.jbm2@post.queensu.ca.
Nation, I. S. P., & Macalister, J. (2010). Language curriculum design. New York: Routledge.
Nunan, D. (1989). Syllabus design. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Petty, N. J., Thomson, O. P., & Stew, G. (2012). Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 2: Introducing qualitative research methodologies and methods. Manual Therapy, 17, 378-384.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5–33.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (Ed.). (2002). Longman dictionary of applied language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Pearson Education Limited. ELT Voices-Volume (5), Issue (6), (2015)
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of language Teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Longman: Pearson Education.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [20]
Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. New York: Cambridge University Press. [21] Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [22]
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44(1), 5–33. [23]
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (Ed.). (2002). Longman dictionary of applied language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Pearson Education Limited. ELT Voices-Volume (5), Issue (6), (2015) 7
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of language Teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Longman: Pearson Education.
Materials to Develop Microskills and Macroskills: Are There Any Principles? Mohammad Reza Mozayan Ph.D. candidate in TEFL, English Language Department, Shahid SadoughiUniversity of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Corresponding email address mozayan38@yahoo.com
Robinson, p. (2009). Syllabus design. In M. H. Long & C. J. Doughty (Eds.), The handbook of language teaching (pp. 292-310). Malden: Wiley- Blackwell.
Scrivener, J. (2011). Learning teaching: The essential guide to English language education (3rd ed.). Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Tomlinson, B. (2010). Principles of effective materials development. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials: Theory and practice Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (2011). Introduction: Principles and procedures of materials development. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (2012). Materials development for language learning and teaching. State-of-the-art-article. Language Teaching, 45(2), 143–179. doi:10.1017/S0261444811000528.
Ur, P. (2012). A course in English language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [31] White, R. V. (1988). The ELT curriculum: Design, innovation and management. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Nunan, D. (1989). Syllabus design. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [19]
Appendix (1)
منشور
2019-07-16
إصدار
القسم
اللغات الغربية وادابها
كيفية الاقتباس
Kadhim Te'ima, F. (2019). Iraqi EFL Teachers’ Awareness and Use of Micro and Macro-skills. لارك, 10(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.Vol2.Iss29.1369
