Journal title Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2663-5836 1999-5601 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Nihad Hassan Hajji, Faculty of Art College , Universiti Wasit, Iraq Email: nhaji@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by College of Art – University of Wasit, Iraq Citation Analysis Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 60% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the Lark paper Template, has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for WJCMS? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check current submissions' status.
Human Studies and the Horizons of Digital Transformation
The conference aimed to establish a systematic academic framework for studying digital transformation in the humanities, outlining its epistemological foundations and applied approaches in fields such as applied philosophy, translation, social sciences, literature, languages, media, and public relations, thereby contributing to the development of scientific research and enhancing cognitive integration in line with the requirements of digital transformation in human studies. It also discussed mechanisms for employing modern technologies to advance scientific research, strengthen the integration of human knowledge and technology to meet contemporary demands, support scientific research, and expand the horizons of academic cooperation.
The 10 Scientific Conference: College of Arts, University of Wasit
Conference 10th International Scientific
Copyright (c) 2026 المؤتمر العلمي الدولي العاشر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Present Tense Verb Between Nominative, Subjunctive, and Jussive Cases in the Qur'anic Context (A Grammatical and Semantic Study)
This research examines the present tense verb in the Holy Quran by explaining the cases of nominative, accusative, and jussive, while explaining their effect on directing the meaning within the Quranic context. This study aims to highlight the relationship between grammatical structure and meaning, and to show how the tools that enter the present tense verb contribute to changing its temporal and expressive meaning. This is done by following Quranic models in which the present tense verb appears in the nominative, accusative, or jussive cases, and then analyzing them grammatically and semantically according to the requirements of the context within the text of the Quran. The study showed that the nominative case of the present tense verb is often associated with the meaning of permanence, continuity, and renewal, while its accusative case indicates the future, purpose, or reason, and its jussive case is associated with the meanings of condition, prohibition, supplication, and request. The present tense verb carries semantic and rhetorical dimensions that contribute to highlighting the expressive miracle in the Holy Quran. The study proved that the integration between grammar and semantics represents an important approach to understanding the secrets of Quranic expression and the precision of its linguistic structure.
Assistant lecture. Marwa Hawi Ati Al-Abidi
Copyright (c) 2026 م. م. مروة حاوي عاتي العابدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Personification in political press language
This study examines personification as a central discursive strategy in political journalism and analyzes its cognitive, rhetorical, and ideological functions on an integrative theoretical foundation. Building on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson), Framing Theory (Entman), and Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough), an analytical approach is developed that systematically captures the interplay of linguistic form, cognitive processing, and the production of social meaning. The empirical corpus comprises journalistic articles and selected entries from Google Books from the German-language media outlets FAZ, Die Zeit, and Süddeutsche Zeitung, as well as other digital sources, from the period 2015 to 2026. A total of 23 documented instances of personification were identified and analyzed. The results show that personification does not merely function as a stylistic or heuristic means of reducing complexity, but is also employed as an effective strategy for emotional framing, cognitive structuring, and ideological positioning. Particularly in economic and crisis-related discourse, personification contributes to the personification of abstract systems and thus significantly influences the perception of political and economic reality in public discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. قاسم جبر عبره https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Women and their symbols in Latifa Al-Dulaimi's novel 'Project Umma': A psychological study in discourse analysis
The psychological approach to the research highlights the path of pain as a path of transformation, not as a closed ending, where pain takes on a compensatory function that enhances the values ​​of dedication, tolerance, and perseverance, thus being consistent with the perspective of positive psychology, which reinterprets negative experiences. As a potential for personal growth, the research focuses on emotional awareness as a cognitive tool that enables people to understand their feelings and be aware of the long-term consequences of their decisions, revealing the depth of the human capacity to adapt to existential complexity and exceptional circumstances. Within this context, the feminine symbol is given a central position in feminist narratives, as it appears as a symbolic equivalent of wisdom, intuition, and emotional strength. This symbol is not limited to the function of adornment or decoration, but rather carries complex connotations that are built on accumulated experiences that establish personalities that possess a high emotional sense that allows them to anticipate what has not yet been said or what has not yet happened, which is what strengthens the woman’s connection to her internal and external worlds in a way that is Vital and profound. At the level of narrative language, silence is presented as a meaningful act, not devoid of significance, intersecting with speech in terms of its psychological and symbolic function. Silence is not viewed as a lack of expression, but rather as a reflective act that reshapes the self and provides it with indirect means of defense, while speech carries a revealing energy that contributes to moments of psychological transformation and disclosure, identifying with the decisive moments in the development of narrative characters
Assistant Professor Dr. Ayad Kumar Karam
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. اياد كمر كرم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistically Stereotyped Picture of the World in Social Media Discourse on Death
The main theme of this study is to explore the concept of death as represented in the national phraseological stereotypes via its semantic field. It delves into how could purely linguistic units with a specific semantic-syntactic organization, idiomatic complexes and metaphorical structures transpire into the stereotypical picture of the world (PoW) typify the collective consciousness of Arabic speakers, and define the essences of their culture. The scientific impulse underlying this work was triggered by the shocking trendy social media feeds on <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">the tragic death of Raghad Sa’adun in a commercial building fire. The problem of the research is that the culturally linguistically fabricated stereotypes of life and tragic death remained beyond the attention of researchers in Arabic at the ontological, cosmogonic and axiological levels of the collective consciousness. The theoretical framework used to solve the essence of the research problem and analyse the dataset is an intriguing mixed-lens that combined the standpoints, terminological repertoire and analytical toolboxes adopted from Cognitive Semantics Construction Grammar and Speech Acts theory. The objective of the research is to identify in the semantic field of the stereotypes of "death", seeking to determine the specifics of correlations between Lexical Units, Frame Elements and Construction Units underlying the internal structure of the linguistic and conceptual picture of the world associated with death. Methodologically, the representative topic-based datasets in this study were extracted from Social Media Networks (SMNs) and online news articles, using WebCrawler tool and Application Programming Interface (API). The datasets were compiled by means of multiple query-based tasks. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the semantic field of "death" stereotypes has been systematically derived from natural language use produced by actual netzines on SMNs using high tech automation software and AI tools. The results of the analysis revealed a network whose main parent frame is the rich central-periphery organisation of death lexicon, Unaccusative-Inchoative Constructions of a complex macro-frame and complex tapestry of emotions evoked by such frames. We thus have the first emerging conceptual sphere of the perspective established by our speakers of Arabic culture, regarding the experiences of death.
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. المساعد محمد عبد الله الحسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Youth in a Transitional Society: Between the Demographic Dividend and Social Exclusion – Iraq as a Model
Youth constitute both a demographic and developmental opportunity; however, this opportunity can turn into a significant burden that diminishes the anticipated gains of the demographic dividend, which arises from the qualitative characteristics of the working and productive population groups. In particular, youth constitute the most valuable form of human capital—one that holds strong potential for investment and promises meaningful human and economic development outcomes. According to projections for the period (2024–2028), youth aged 15–24 make up a significant portion of Iraq’s population, which is estimated at about 43.324 million people. Based on this, the number of youth is about .12.13 million, representing approximately 41% of the total population. This proportion reflects what is known as the demographic dividend (or demographic window), which offers a strategic opportunity to invest in and mobilize youth capacities as a key driver of sustainable development. Perhaps the first indicator of such development is the advancement of youth choices through maximizing their psychological, technical, and scientific capacities, and empowering them to participate in the essential spheres of their society. The marginalization and exclusion of youth not only deprive them of their rights and constrain their aspirations, but also undermine society’s capacity to shape its future identity and secure its place in an ever-evolving world.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. د. وليد عبد جبر الخفاجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anxiety in Andalusian Poetry Examples from the Existential Reflections of Andalusian Poets
Abstract This research aims to explore the phenomenon of anxiety in Andalusian poetry by analyzing selected models from Andalusian poets, highlighting how this anxiety manifested in their existential reflections and psychological mirror. Initially, the concept of anxiety was examined as a profound human suffering, intertwined with feelings of fear, hesitation, and the search for meaning in life, expressing a state of internal tension and philosophical contemplation. Poetic samples from prominent Andalusian poets such as Ibn Zaydun, Ibn Khafajah, and Ibn Hamdis were reviewed, revealing that these poets wrote not only about love and beauty but also expressed fears of mortality, anxiety over the loss of hope, and discontent with the fluctuations of time and fate. This was reflected in their depiction of nature, events, and emotions in a way that mirrors their existential reflections and their expressions of tension between the desire for stability and fear of demise. The study demonstrated that anxiety in Andalusian poetry was not merely a transient state but a means of expressing a deep awareness of the inevitability of death, the impermanence of life, and the struggle between hope and despair, which imbued their poetry with a philosophical and existential dimension. Ultimately, Andalusian poetry serves as a reflective mirror of the existential tensions experienced by humans, expressed through a refined artistic style that combines poetic beauty with philosophical depth, remaining a vivid testimony to a rich human experience filled with emotions and existential reflections. Keywords: anxiety, Andalusian poetry, poets’ reflections, existence
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. شعلان جليل خضير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metals in Ancient Elam A Study of Silver and Copper Extraction Techniques as a Model
The study of mining in Elam was not merely an investigation into the history of an industry; rather, it constituted an inquiry into the ingenuity of the Elamite people, who were able to transform the natural resources concealed within the mountains into fundamental pillars upon which one of the greatest empires of the ancient world was built. This enabled Elam to become a major link in the trade of metals between the East and the West. Elam’s prominence did not stem solely from its military strength or administrative organization. Instead, it was fundamentally grounded in its exceptional mineral wealth, which turned the region into an open laboratory for the development of some of the most sophisticated mining and smelting technologies known to humanity during the fourth and third millennia BCE. Our research has led to a number of conclusions, the most significant of which is that the techniques employed in copper extraction and smelting reflect a long process of accumulated experimental knowledge. This body of expertise should not be understood merely as an independent technological development; rather, it emerged as a direct response to increasing economic pressures and growing demands for mineral resources. Furthermore, silver extraction technologies—particularly the complex processes of metallurgical separation and refining—indicate a transition of knowledge from the level of ordinary craftsmanship to a higher degree of technical specialization. This development reflects the emergence of advanced metallurgical expertise and a more sophisticated organization of production within Elamite society.
History, archaeology and heritage investigation
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحث: حسين ريه دهله، أ.د. ماجد مشير غائب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
the phenomenon of self-fragmentation in the poetry of Abu Muzaffar Al-Abiord
This research addresses the phenomenon of self-fragmentation in the poetry of Abu Muzaffar Al-Abiordi. It explores how the poet expresses the intertwining and conflict of emotions and thoughts within the human soul through delicate and symbolic poetic imagery. Selected texts were analyzed to demonstrate how Al-Abiordi reflects a state of internal disintegration, between love and pain, hope and despair, and awareness of reality and fantasy. The study also shows that poetry articulates the deep psychological struggle experienced by individuals in various situations, and that self-fragmentation is one of the most prominent aspects of the human experience addressed by the poet in a distinctive artistic style. This style reflects the depth of psychological pain and longing, revealing facets of division and hesitation within the self
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. ذياب سرحان سعلو الرفيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The stylistic manifestation of existential grief and sorrow in the poetry of Al-Sharif Al-Radi: A study in lexical and semantic structure
This research examines the theme of grief and sorrow in the poetry of Sharif al-Radi, one of the most prominent poets of the Abbasid era. His poetry is known for its profound emotion and genuine feeling, particularly in its expression of sadness and pain. This grief was linked to several factors, including the political and social circumstances the poet lived through, as well as personal experiences such as the loss of loved ones and the vicissitudes of life. Grief is evident in Sharif al-Radi's poetry through his use of evocative imagery and expressive language that reflects a sincere psychological state. His poems address themes of lament, complaint about the times, and contemplation of the human condition, lending his poetry a profoundly humanistic quality. His style is characterized by eloquence and power, along with a clear ability to employ rhetorical devices such as metaphor and simile to highlight feelings of pain and sorrow. An analysis of selected poems reveals that grief was not merely a fleeting emotion, but rather a fundamental element of his poetic experience, through which he expressed his vision of life and its inherent vicissitudes and suffering. This emotional aspect contributed significantly to the literary value of his poetry, making it resonate deeply with the reader. In conclusion, it can be said that sadness and sorrow were prominent features of Sharif al-Radi's poetry. Through them, he was able to present a sincere poetic experience that expresses human suffering and pain, thus securing a distinguished place for his poetry in Arabic literature.
Assist. Lectr Russel Naseer Ali Al-Waeli
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. رسل نصير علي الوائلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence and its Impact on Family Interaction Patterns and the Construction of Children's Gender Identity -A Sociological Analytical Study
The contemporary world is witnessing a number of negative transformations in the structure of social relations due to the rapid developments in artificial intelligence, which has not remained confined to the technological field but has extended into the family sphere, affecting patterns of interaction and communication between individuals. Smart applications, digital content aimed at children, and virtual assistants have helped to reshape methods of socialization and directly influence the process of building children's gender identity. The research aimed to analyze the positions of the governing authorities on the family interaction and explore its role in shaping children's gender identity from an analytical sociological perspective. This was achieved by studying the symbolic and cognitive relationships that arise between humans and technology within the family sphere and the resulting transformations in roles, freedom, and social values. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach based on analyzing the relevant social networks and partnerships. The research reached a set of results, including that artificial intelligence has become a living social network that helps to define the concepts of parental point of view, privacy, and identity within the family It also considers the production of exclusive entertainment images through dialogue, skeet, and targeted content, which may reinforce or perpetuate certain gender stereotypes. The study also considered the nature of use and family culture, as well as the need to build a social and educational foundation among parents and children, resulting in conscious engagement with smart media that maintains a balance between traditional values ​​and digital transformations.
Asst. Lecturer . Noura Issa Alwan Al-Tamimi
Copyright (c) 2026 م م نورة عيسى علوان التميمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Assessment of Literal vs. Interpretive Approaches in English Translations of the Holy Quran
Translating the Quranic Text into English comes up with a peculiar set of challenges due to its sacred nature and the huge gap on both the linguistic and cultural levels, between Arabic as an SL formulated in a Classical form and its counterpart TL (modern English in our case ). The present study aims to carry out a comparative evaluation between the two main approaches ( literal and interpretive ) as employed in the English translated versions of the Holy Quran. The Focus is placed chiefly on such well-known translations as Marmaduke Pickthall’s (1930), Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s (1934–1938), and Muhammad Asad’s (1980)—but also at the same time exploring such contributions as those provided by Arthur John Arberry (1955), Muhammad Abdel Haleem (2005), and others—the study includes an analysis of how various translation strategies would influence the transfer of Qur‘anic meaning. Based on the translation theory, especially the notion introduced by Eugene Nida of formal versus dynamic equivalence, the paper endeavors to establish that it is improbable to find a fully literal or fully interpretive translation. Rather, a spectrum of Translation and each translation of the Quranic text into English naturally exists at one place or another between the two edges of that spectrum. It is concluded that, on the one hand, the adoption of the approach of literal translation would normally result in preserving the lexical fidelity to the original, whereas the result of adopting the approach of interpretive translation is achieving greater success in the rendition of the spiritual effect and the functional meaning of the Quranic text for TL receivers(The English audience).
Copyright (c) 2026 م. عاصم مهدي الهلالي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Verbatim Illusion to Epistemic Collapse: Knowledge, Authority, and Testimonial Injustice in Dennis Kelly's Taking Care of Baby
This paper explores how Dennis Kelly creates a destabilised epistemological landscape through the formal conventions of verbatim theatre. Though the play imitates documentary realism, it subverts the authority of testimony at once, revealing a deepening crisis in the production and transmission of truth. Taking Care of Baby is faced with the essential task that underlies this entire project: a documentary, in name, reveals how institutional discourses—legal, psychological and media—both mediate and distort individual testimony. It opens up some important questions about who can speak, whose knowledge is recognised, and how the truth is constructed or denied in these power-inflected frameworks. The paper seeks to explore how the play performs the decay of epistemically trust and the sidelining of lived experience, specifically regarding the protagonist, Donna McAuliffe. Drawing on Miranda Fricker’s theoretical framework of epistemic injustice, the study investigates both testimonial injustices, when a speaker’s credibility is deflated through prejudice, and hermeneutical injustice, when interpretative resources needed to make sense of certain experiences are lacking in a collective. It asks (1) In what ways does the play imitate and overturn mechanisms of verity theatre as a method to challenge truths in charge? (2) In what manner do institutional voices perpetrate epistemic violence on the protagonist? (3) How is the audience complicit in processes of signification and misrecognition? The paper uses a qualitative methodological approach and combines close reading with discourse analysis to study narrative structure, fragmented testimonies and the intertextuality of contending voices. Attention is given to how the interview format of the play creates an illusion of authenticity even as it lays bare its artificiality. Kelly’s action, the study finds, creates what might be called an “epistemic collapse,” in which no single story reaches authoritative status, and all accounts are made suspect. This fall also critiques institutional power, implicating the audience as one complicit in validating or denying claims to truth. In the end, the play reveals how fragile knowledge systems are and emphasises the human costs involved in erasing marginalised voices.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. م. د. حيدر الزاملي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights in Islamic Thought
The concept of humanity in our religious and traditional texts did not carry the same meanings as it is understood today in our contemporary world, a concept rooted in the European Renaissance, particularly in the ideas of what is known as humanism. There is a near consensus among contemporary Muslims regarding human rights: they follow a single approach, returning to the texts of the Quran and Sunnah as the primary source of these rights. In almost every study presented by a contemporary Islamic thinker on this subject, we find a purpose behind the list of fundamental rights stipulated in modern charters and declarations, along with Quranic verses and Prophetic hadiths indicating that these rights were already recognized in Islam. Since all sacred texts affirm those fundamental ethical principles that humanity has acquired through long experience, and which have been confirmed by philosophy and human wisdom since antiquity, the task of these researchers in finding texts that support basic human rights will not be a difficult one, especially since the generality of religious texts allows for the extraction of multiple and diverse meanings from them. These attempts, which are also achieving remarkable success, are a source of great pride for the contemporary Muslim thinker. It is worth noting that this pride does not stem from a belief that the foundation of human rights in the holy book of Islam is broader than in modern charters, but rather from the fact that those religious texts that affirmed basic human rights are much older than what Western civilization has known.
Asst. Lecturer Layla Khalouhen Naout Hussein Al-Agili
Copyright (c) 2026 م م. ليلى خلوهن ناعوت عكيلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling and Analyzing the Variance of Wind Erosion Potential in the Badra District Center
This research aims to model and analyze the temporal variance of wind erosion potential in the Badra District Center, based on wind speed and pressure data for the period (1995–2024). The Soil Erosion Indices (BSI) and Soil Degradation Index (LDI) were also employed to monitor spatial and seasonal variations. The results showed that the dry months represent the peak of wind activity, with an average wind speed of (3.26 m/s) and an average pressure of (0.83), compared to the wet months, which recorded an average speed of (2.91 m/s) and a pressure of (0.66). This highlights the wind's ability to transport dust and sand and intensify wind erosion, especially in open areas. The year 2017 recorded the highest annual values ​​for wind speed and pressure, indicating the peak of erosion impact. The results of the BSI index showed the dominance of moderate erosion during the summer season, while low erosion expanded during the winter due to improved climatic conditions. Meanwhile, the LDI index showed a significant increase in high degradation during the winter season, reflecting the impact of water activity and surface runoff. The study concludes that seasonal and annual wind variability is a crucial factor in the dynamics of erosion and land degradation in the study area.
Asst. Lecturer Marwa Razzaq Khalil Thamer
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. مروة رزاق خليل ثامر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RETRACTED: An Investigation into the Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) Apps by University EFL Students
This paper has been retracted following an investigation conducted by the editorial committee of the Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics and Literature after receiving a formal complaint regarding the authenticity of some cited references. The investigation confirmed that several references listed in the article could not be verified in the cited journals, and the author did not provide valid copies or evidence of their existence when requested. According to the Lark Journal publishing ethics policy: “When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s duty to punctually inform the journal editor or publisher and to collaborate with the editor to retract or correct the paper in the form of an erratum.” The paper has been officially retracted due to the inability to verify the referenced sources and unresolved concerns regarding the accuracy of the published content, in order to preserve the integrity of the scientific record. This retraction has been made in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and was approved by the editorial board of the journal. The journal regrets that this issue was not identified during the review process and apologizes to its readers for any inconvenience caused.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asst. Lect. Eltifat Neamah Odhaib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Entrepreneurship in Reshaping Social Development Paths in Contemporary Societies : A Socio-Analytical Study
The study addressed the role of entrepreneurship in reshaping the paths of social development in contemporary societies, in light of the rapid economic and technological transformations that have helped to redefine the nature of work, production mechanisms, and development concepts. The study primarily aims to achieve a set of interconnected scientific goals, which are represented in clarifying the contemporary conceptual framework of entrepreneurship and its relationship to social development, analyzing the contributions of entrepreneurial projects in creating job opportunities and reducing unemployment, in addition to exploring their role in empowering marginalized groups, especially youth and women, as well as assessing the impact of the legislative and institutional environment in promoting or hindering entrepreneurial activity Finally, the study revealed the role of social innovation in achieving comprehensive and sustainable development. It adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, employing comparative analysis of contemporary experiences to explore common patterns in the impact of entrepreneurship on social development. The study also utilized an inductive approach to draw general conclusions from specific data, providing a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the two variables. The results showed that entrepreneurship represents an effective mechanism for reshaping the social structure by creating new economic opportunities that contribute to reducing unemployment rates and improving income levels. Furthermore, it demonstrated that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in achieving social stability and enhancing economic resilience. The results also confirmed that the effectiveness of entrepreneurship is linked to the availability of a supportive environment that includes flexible legislation, appropriate financing systems, and a stimulating knowledge and technological infrastructure
Copyright (c) 2026 م. د. ابتسام صبري يونس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Intersection of English Theatre and Environmentalism: A Study of Eco-Theatre and its Impact
In this paper, I take up the relationship of English theatre and environmentalism in eco-theatre as an art form of environmental awareness. Drawing on insights gained from ecocriticsm, performance theory, and eco-aesthetics, the book explores the ways in which English playwrights and directors such as CarylChurchill, Duncan Macmillan and Katie Mitchell are responding to environmental devastation, climate change and sustainability. This article is tracing the history of theatres in England, from the pastoral allegoricism of the drama played by Shakespeare, to the environmental-related issues being acted up, to some eco-performances where science and activism interweave. Using The Skriker (1994), 2071 (2014) and Ten Billion (2012) as examples the thesis demonstrates how eco-theatre transforms space, aesthetics and audience engagement to generate eco-awareness. Ultimately the eco-theatre is a combination between a form of cultural critique and environmental activism using empathy, education and a sense of shared responsibility. Thus, the English language a) operates, as it has done so for thousands of years, as an expression of the ecology transformation, but also b) serves as a force for promoting a sustainable cultural ecology.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. رحاب عارف عبد الصاحب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motives and Reasons for the Punishment of House Arrest in the Mamluk State (648–923 AH)
Political and administrative punishments constituted one of the most important tools employed by the Mamluk state to maintain balance within the structure of governance, which was characterized by complexity and the multiplicity of centers of power. Among these punishments, house arrest emerged as an effective means of controlling influential figures without resorting to killing or direct imprisonment, especially within a political environment marked by frequent conflicts and coups. This measure arose in response to a number of motives and driving factors, most notably the desire to neutralize political rivals among the emirs and senior commanders who posed a direct threat to the ruling authority, in addition to the attempt to avoid provoking unrest or violent reactions that might result from harsh punishments. House arrest was also used as a means of preserving the prestige of the state, as it enabled the sultan to impose control while maintaining an appearance of tolerance or legitimacy..
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. علي حسام عبد علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collective Behavior in Participatory Art
The research entitled (Collective Behavior in Participatory Art) consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the applied framework and the research problem ends with the following question: What is collective behavior? What is its role in participatory art? It is also the aim of the research, its importance and the need for it. As for the second chapter, it includes two researches. The first is entitled “Collective Advocacy in Life and Art”, while the second relates to: Participatory Art. While the third chapter was devoted to the research procedures, the researcher chose (3) participatory models in an intentional manner and analyzed them using the descriptive approach (qualitative content analysis method) based on the indicators of the theoretical framework. As for the fourth chapter, it was devoted to the research results and conclusions, including: 1- Participatory art is basically built on the collective behavior of the participating audience. 2- Collective behavior in participatory art sought to remove the boundaries between art and life.
Assistant Professor Dr. Kareem Mohsen Ali Sameer Al Kabi
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. كريم محسن علي سمير الكعبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Future changes in rainfall amounts at the Mosul station according to climate change scenarios (RCPs) using statistical miniaturization technique (SDSM)
<a href="This research aims to analyze future rainfall patterns at the Mosul station by comparing baseline data (1991–2020) with projections for the period (2025–2050) under climate change scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, using Statistical Minimization Symmetry (SDSM) based on CMIP5 model outputs. Monthly and annual rainfall averages, peak values, and variability were analyzed, along with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) to assess drought severity for the period (2025–2050). The results show a clear downward trend in rainfall, with annual averages decreasing by up to 26.7% in the RCP8.5 scenario by 2050, and a significant decline in peak rainfall months. Peak rainfall values also increased by approximately 27%, and variability rose by more than 30%, reflecting escalating climate instability. The SPI also showed a trend toward increasing drought severity, with its values decreasing to the low end of the range. (-2.0), indicating a very severe drought at the end of the period. The results suggest a shift in the rainfall pattern towards a more extreme pattern, characterized by decreased amounts, increased intensity, and irregularity, which raises the risks of drought and flooding and necessitates the adoption of effective water resource management strategies and climate change adaptation.">This research aims to analyze future rainfall patterns at the Mosul station by comparing baseline data (1991–2020) with projections for the period (2025–2050) under climate change scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, using Statistical Minimization Symmetry (SDSM) based on CMIP5 model outputs. Monthly and annual rainfall averages, peak values, and variability were analyzed, along with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) to assess drought severity for the period (2025–2050). The results show a clear downward trend in rainfall, with annual averages decreasing by up to 26.7% in the RCP8.5 scenario by 2050, and a significant decline in peak rainfall months. Peak rainfall values also increased by approximately 27%, and variability rose by more than 30%, reflecting escalating climate instability. The SPI also showed a trend toward increasing drought severity, with its values decreasing to the low end of the range. (-2.0), indicating a very severe drought at the end of the period. The results suggest a shift in the rainfall pattern towards a more extreme pattern, characterized by decreased amounts, increased intensity, and irregularity, which raises the risks of drought and flooding and necessitates the adoption of effective water resource management strategies and climate change adaptation.
Assistant Professor Dr. Nadia Hatem Tuma
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. م. د. نادية حاتم طعمة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Parmenidean School, named after the Greek philosopher Parmenides, is considered the cornerstone of "metaphysics." Parmenides presented a revolutionary vision of existence, centered on the concept of absolute monism and immutability. Parmenidean monism is regarded not merely as a religious or mystical notion, but as a logical necessity and an inevitable conclusion; it posits that the pluralistic and changing world we inhabit is a mere illusion, while the ultimate reality is a single, unchanging, and eternal "One." Accordingly, this research seeks to understand the foundations upon which Platonic metaphysical philosophy was established. The study utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research moves beyond theoretical generalizations to assess practical policy implementation this was achieved through reviewing relevant literature and previous studies related to the research title. Results highlight that most notably that "The One" or "Being" is governed by the principle that "Being is, and Non-being is not." Parmenides proceeded from the premise that existence is an indivisible whole. Consequently, if a "void" were to exist, change would be an illusion; for a thing to change, it must become something it "was not," which would imply a transition from Being to Non-being—a logical impossibility. The study concludes that Parmenides' concept of monism represents a pivotal shift in philosophical thought, emphasizing that reality is perceived through reason rather than the senses, and that existence is unitary, stable, and immutable.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. د. مهند بلاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Administrative Protection for Personal Data under the Newly Established E-Governance System in Iraq
One of the most prominent challenges facing these institutions is the adoption of e-government systems and the investment in modern technologies to enhance the quality of public services provided to beneficiaries. While this step may seem simple, it actually faces a series of challenges, particularly in the areas of administrative law and the protection of personal data. E-government is defined as the digital availability of government services and information via the internet, in addition to the use of other information technologies. However, these technologies are not without risks, as they facilitate access to citizens' personal data, raising legitimate questions about the extent of adherence to the principles and rules of administrative law and the protection of privacy. Therefore, administrative law emerges as a legal and methodological framework that seeks to regulate administrative conduct and the management of public affairs, and it acquires particular importance in preventing the abuse of citizens' rights and preserving their dignity. In this context, a set of regulations and laws has been adopted, both nationally and internationally, to establish mechanisms that guarantee the protection of individuals' privacy and ensure the integrity of personal data.
Asst. Lect. Safa Abdul-Mahdi Jassim Ismail Al-Waeli
Copyright (c) 2026 م. م. صفا عبد المهدي جاسم اسماعيل الوائلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The world has witnessed numerous changes that have transformed it from a producer society to a consumer society. Individuals now find themselves faced with a multitude of available goods, from which they choose what suits their needs, purchasing power, motivations, and social environment. In this context, consumer culture has emerged as a key determinant of individual and collective behavior patterns, playing a significant role in reshaping social values ​​and norms within society. Hence, the importance of studying consumer culture among youth becomes clear, as it is a complex social phenomenon involving multiple intertwined factors that require analysis and understanding to uncover its various dimensions and effects. From this perspective, this research seeks to shed light on the nature of this culture, the factors that influence it, and its impact on the behavior and social values ​​of young people.
Copyright (c) 2026 د. لبنى نمير عبد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious and psychological guidance and its role in empowering women to confront cultural invasion
In light of the rapid transformations and the media and technological openness witnessed in our current era, Arab and Islamic societies have become increasingly exposed to external cultural influences known as "cultural invasion." This phenomenon goes beyond innocent cultural exchange, aiming instead to impose lifestyles, values, and behaviors that often contradict the authentic religious and cultural identity of Arab societies in general, and Iraqi society in particular. Women emerge as one of the most targeted groups in this context due to their pivotal role in key societal functions such as family formation, child-rearing, and shaping collective consciousness. Cultural invasion infiltrates through media channels, social media platforms, fashion, and the arts, reshaping the image of women and redefining concepts such as freedom, success, beauty, and empowerment according to Western standards that may conflict with Islamic values. This infiltration is not always direct; it often comes subtly, wrapped in appealing slogans, making it even more dangerous—especially for younger generations. In response to this challenge, the role of "religious and psychological guidance" emerges as a strategic and effective tool—not only to protect women from negative influences but also to empower them, enhance their ability to make conscious decisions, and confidently fulfill their societal roles. Religious guidance reinforces spiritual values and provides women with a moral compass in a changing world, while psychological guidance offers the necessary support to overcome psychological pressures and internal conflicts arising from the clash between foreign and native values. Empowering women does not mean isolating them from the world or preventing interaction with other cultures. Rather, it involves equipping them with intellectual and psychological tools that enable discernment, choice, and conscious confrontation. Such empowerment can only be achieved through an integrated system that includes the family, educational institutions, religious bodies, and media outlets—all working harmoniously to present a balanced female model that combines authenticity with openness, faith with reason, and stability with progress, enabling women to face the tools of modern cultural invasion. Hence, the importance of this research lies in its aim to shed light on the role of religious and psychological guidance in empowering women to confront cultural invasion. It does so by clarifying the research problem, significance, and objectives, explaining the conceptual framework of the terms used, and identifying the most effective methods for religious and psychological empowerment of women in facing the challenges of cultural invasion in our present-day society.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. نورا نوري عبدعون https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies to improve spelling proficiency for Spanish learners in Iraq
Teaching Spanish in an environment like Iraq poses serious challenges that go beyond those typical of teaching foreign languages. The linguistic differences between Arabic and Spanish, the educational challenges and the unique social situation of Iraq are some elements that make access to information and the educational situation that teachers face when teaching Spanish as a foreign language difficult. . It is an educational system marked by decades and that still preserves traditionalist methodologies focused on the development of grammar through manuals designed by different publishers. This article briefly analyzes the situation and challenges of teaching Spanish in Iraq and addresses some strategies to address, in particular, the spelling competence of Spanish students. We intend to serve as support for Iraqi teachers who teach Spanish as a foreign language (ELE), providing solutions that include the creation of specific teaching materials, collaborative dynamics and pedagogical tools designed to improve the spelling of Arabic speakers.
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م. حنان كريم عطا https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring the community activity of youth A field social study in the city of Karbala
The current study aimed to monitor the community activity of youth in Iraqi society and to clarify the types of this activity from the social, economic, political and cultural aspects and to identify the factors influencing the community activity of youth in light of modern societal changes. Therefore, this study attempted to answer a set of questions, which were: What is the concept of community activity of youth in light of modern societal changes? What is the reality of community activity among youth and what are the factors influencing the degree of community participation of youth? What are the proposals for activating community activity of youth in light of modern societal changes? To what extent do youth participate in volunteer work in Iraqi society? What are the problems that hinder youth community activity? To achieve the study objectives, the researcher prepared a questionnaire on youth community activity and applied it to a sample of youth consisting of (300) males and females in the age group from 18 to 35 years, from the holy Karbala Governorate. The descriptive analytical approach was also used to analyze the responses of the study sample of youth using arithmetic averages and standard deviations. The (T-test for one sample) was also used, which was extracted and the questionnaire was built in light of it. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The quality of community activity programs provided by youth is a basic factor for empowering and developing society socially, healthily, educationally and politically. Achieving partnership between the private sector, civil society organizations and the government in order to provide volunteer programs and activities that help develop society economically, socially, healthily, educationally and politically, and interest in spreading the culture of volunteering and the importance of youth community activities among members of society. In light of these results, the researcher presented some Recommendations and suggestions.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د اَلاء علي مجيد القيسي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motives and Gratifications Achieved from Government Media Officials’ Exposure to News Content on Al-Jami'iyah Satellite Channel: A Field Study
This research aims to monitor, analyze, and interpret the motives behind Iraqi university government media and communication officials' exposure to news content on the Al-Jami'iyah Satellite Channel, as well as the gratifications achieved from this exposure, based on the Uses and Gratifications Theory. The researcher adopted a survey methodology, selecting a simple random sample of 334 officials. The results highlight the general trends of exposure motives, showing a primary focus on news and informational content, followed by the significant importance of professional and career development. While the presentation style is an important factor, it is not the primary motive. The study found that the general trends of gratifications reveal that officials value the entertainment and educational aspects of the channel, with a strong focus on professional development and institutional knowledge, whereas awareness of general higher education news is considered less important. An interesting paradox emerged: while entertainment was the highest gratification achieved, it was the lowest initial motive compared to the leading cognitive and professional motives. This can be explained through the concept of "unintended gratification," where viewers access the channel seeking knowledge and learning but discover the content is unexpectedly enjoyable and entertaining. This indicates the channel's success in presenting educational content in an engaging way. Additionally, the "extended time effect" suggests that viewers may start with serious motives (knowledge, learning) and, over time, find the viewing experience to be pleasant and entertaining.
Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Mawlood Fadhil
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. علي مولود فاضل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A linguistic and cultural analysis of symbolism: challenges in translation into Arabic and Russian, using *The Song of the Falcon* (M. Gorky) as an example.
<a href="Abstract . This article presents a linguistic and cultural analysis of the symbols in Maxim Gorky’s *The Song of the Falcon*, focusing on the challenges of translating them into Arabic. Symbols are regarded as vehicles of national culture and worldview, and their complex semantics and ideological significance—particularly in the case of the Falcon, the Viper, the sky and flight—present serious challenges for translators. The study, based on a linguistic-cultural, contextual and comparative-translation analysis, demonstrates that an accurate rendering of the symbolism requires an interpretation that takes into account the cultural differences between the Russian and Arab peoples.">Abstract . This article presents a linguistic and cultural analysis of the symbols in Maxim Gorky’s *The Song of the Falcon*, focusing on the challenges of translating them into Arabic. Symbols are regarded as vehicles of national culture and worldview, and their complex semantics and ideological significance—particularly in the case of the Falcon, the Viper, the sky and flight—present serious challenges for translators. The study, based on a linguistic-cultural, contextual and comparative-translation analysis, demonstrates that an accurate rendering of the symbolism requires an interpretation that takes into account the cultural differences between the Russian and Arab peoples.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. فارس حسون علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stoic Ethics and the Virtuous Way of Life: A Study in the Texts of Seneca and Marcus Aurelius
This research seeks to investigate the ontological and epistemological structure of Stoic ethics and deconstruct its practical mechanisms as a methodology for the virtuous life and a psychological treatment for spiritual ailments. The central problem of the study is tracing how Stoic philosophy transitioned from its abstract theoretical character in the Hellenistic period to a rigorous clinical and daily practice in the late Roman era. This is achieved through an analytical and critical examination of the foundational texts of both the philosopher and minister Lucius Annius Seneca and the philosopher-emperor Marcus Aurelius. The study adopts a qualitative methodological framework that integrates structural analysis of concepts, an interpretive approach to reading texts as spiritual exercises, and an intersectional contextual approach. The research yielded significant findings demonstrating that Roman Stoicism laid the foundation for an epistemological revolution in understanding "emotions." These emotions were no longer considered blind, instinctual forces, but rather "erroneous intellectual judgments and beliefs" that could, and indeed should, be corrected to achieve a state of perfect tranquility (apate). The analysis also revealed the philosophers' ingenuity in resolving the dilemma of cosmic determinism through the invention of the concept of the "inner fortress," which rigorously separates external events, subject to fate, from the free inner will capable of interpreting those events. The study further demonstrated that the invocation of the idea of "death" and the brevity of time in these texts was not a tendency toward nihilism, but rather a tool for awakening existence and focusing on the present moment. Finally, the research concluded that the Stoic methodology of deconstructing emotions, restructuring knowledge, and reconciling individual autonomy with cosmopolitan duty is not merely a historical legacy, but rather constitutes the solid foundational structure of the most important contemporary psychological schools (such as cognitive behavioral therapy). This underscores the relevance of Stoic philosophy as a protective shield for individuals facing the crises of alienation and anxiety in the modern age.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. فاطمة صلاح عبد الحسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0