Journal title Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2663-5836 1999-5601 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Nihad Hassan Hajji, Faculty of Art College , Universiti Wasit, Iraq Email: nhaji@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by College of Art – University of Wasit, Iraq Citation Analysis Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 60% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the Lark paper Template, has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for WJCMS? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check current submissions' status.
Gendered Discourse Markers in Ma Ba‘d al-Hubb (After Love) and Sakhb wa Nisa’ wa Katib Maghmour: A Comparative Analysis in Light of Robin Lakoff’s Theory
This study examines gendered linguistic markers in Ma Ba‘d al-Hubb by Hudia Hussein and Haris al-Tibagh by Ali Badr, through an analytical approach based on Robin Lakoff’s theory of language and gender differences. The research aims to identify discourse patterns used by narrators and characters to represent gender relations, focusing on two main levels: the lexical level, which includes color-related terms, oath expressions, insults and derogatory language, honorifics and terms of respect, intensifiers, hedges, exclamations, and vocabulary specifically referring to women; and the syntactic-functional level, which covers proverbs, colloquial expressions, short/simple/parallel sentences, ellipsis and incomplete sentences, interrogatives, imperative forms, and repetition. The findings reveal both intersections and divergences in the employment of gendered markers between the two novels: After Love tends to foreground the female voice through a personal and emotional tone, whereas The Tobacco Keeper features a historically and politically oriented male narrative voice. The study concludes that the socio-political context of each text shapes the structure of gendered discourse and reframes certain aspects of Lakoff’s hypotheses within the Arabic literary context.
Language and Gender, Gendered Discourse, Robin Lakoff, Hudia Hussein, Ali Badr, Lexical Analysis, Syntactic Analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحث: رائد هاني عبيد بني سعد، د. محمد سعدي، د. مسعود باوان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Indigenous Standpoint Analysis of The Black Sea by Rita Joe
The present study focuses on Rita Joe’s “The Black Sea” as an effort to uncover the hidden connections between indigenous people and land, by using Indigenous Standpoint Theory. The study aims to show that Joe’s art offers a strong means for expressing Indigenous identity, relationship to land, and residence to colonial histories; the work reclaims narrative authority in a manner that questions and expands mainstream readings of indigenous epistemologies. Central to this analysis were the following questions: How does Joe’s use of imagery resonate with Indigenous ways of knowing? How does the poem subvert official telling? Using a qualitative approach, the research applies close reading of the poem concentrating on themes, symbols, and language. Using Indigenous Standpoint Theory, the examination centers Indigenous voices and perspectives to uncover deeper context to the poem. The findings suggest that The Black Sea is not only a deep expression of kinship with nature, but also an act of land reclamation and strength for Indigenous people.
Second International Conference of the Faculty of Languages ​​2026
Indigenous Standpoint Theory, Rita Joe, The Black Sea
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. د. انسام عبد الله المعروف، م. م. حسين نجم الكوراني، أ. م. د. حيدر لعيبي سعد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features of Love and War in the Modern Hebrew Novel: An Analytical Study of the Novel "Not of This Time, Not of This Place" by Yehuda Amichai
This study sheds light on the features of love and war, their philosophy and dimensions in the Hebrew novel by the writer "Yehuda Amihai" by analyzing the novel "Not from now, not from here" in order to stand on the eternal conflict between love and war, fate, man and history which is reflected in his novel, the author collects a kind of poetic memoir of two parallel events - a narrative speech between Germany of the past and Jerusalem of the present. Fantasy and reality are used in a mixture and create meaningful things. War always brings devastation, destruction, murder and chaos, but love is born from the womb of war, and good hearts meet in times of war sometimes. "Not from now, not from here" is a novel that expresses the reality of public life for a dismal and frustrated generation that left Muscat, Germany, and headed for immigration to Jerusalem, and is a novel that represents a vivid example of the conflict between love and war. The writer Yehuda Amihai reviews for us a world here, and a world there, the hero of the story "Yuel", one of the fighters of the war, returns in his memory all the time to Vyborg, the city where he was born, to avenge the joy of his childhood that was killed there, and to live the past to face it face to face and overcome it, and yet this experience of his can be described as the fabric of a new life that he will forget in Vyborg's past. And the conflict between love and war is evident in this novel, it tells the story of a man who loved a boy in the days of Eid al-Fitr greetings, the beginning of this love is a sin and its end is the sadness of the 10th day. This study concluded that the writer relied on multiple literary methods in his narrative, characterized by camouflage, irony, and symbolism, and was imbued with the characteristic Amhai language. He also resorted to employing the sarcastic character within the scene to give it a humorous character that adds to the flavor of the novel and its special nature. But in terms of content, the writer focused in his narrative on the eternal conflict between love and war, which is reflected in his stories. The novel is written in a rich language, full of amazing connections and images, along with the charm of its plot, which allowed the writer to achieve a greater impact on his readers.
الرواية، ملامح الحب والحرب ، يهودا عميحاي.
Assistant Professor: Majeed Abood Rahima
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م. مجيد عبود رحيمه https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Iraqi EFL Students’ Recognition and Production of English Consonant Sequences
English allows for consonant sequences at the beginning of words, which poses a challenge for speakers of other languages, especially those whose native languages do not contain such sequences, such as Arabic. Therefore, this study aims to investigate students’ recognition and production of initial consecutive consonants in relation to gender, and the significance of the statistical differences between students in recognition and pronunciation of consecutive consonants. Consequently, a cohort of fifty-two Iraqi college students (18 males and 34 females) were selected as a sample. A multiple-choice test of two phases was used as a research instrument. The results showed that females outperformed males in recognizing and producing consonant sequences. Notably, the findings revealed that students' performance in recognizing initial consonant sequences was significantly higher than their performance in producing. In addition, the results indicate statistically significant differences in favor of females in both recognition and pronunciation. The study's findings highlight the importance of focusing on both recognition and production in educational contexts and developing teaching strategies that support both skills. Finally, the research reveals how students' linguistic background, such as the absence of initial consonant sequences in Arabic, can impact their performance in English
: English Consonant Sequences, gender, Iraqi EFL students, production, recognition
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحثة: اميره حسين ثعلب، الباحثة: فرح مؤيد عيسى https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reception of French Poet Arthur Rimbaud in the Arab World: An Analytical Study of Arabic Translations of the Poem "The excited Boat"
The study entitled "The Reception of the French Poet Arthur Rimbaud in the Arab World" addresses the interaction between cultures through the examination of three Arabic translations of his poem "The excited Boat" by translators Mekaoui, Shahin, and El Khoury. Born in 1854 in Charleville, France, Arthur Rimbaud is considered one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. From the age of sixteen, he began composing remarkable poems that reflected his ambition to bring about a radical change in poetry. His works aimed to focus on the unconscious and the deregulation of the senses. This study examines the ability of translators to convey Rimbaud's imagination, his challenges to norms, and his poetic vision. Although the translators respected the French text and attempted to faithfully convey Rimbaud's spirit, some differences may remain invisible to the Arab reader.
Arthur Rimbaud, Reception theory, Literary translation, "The excited Boat" The Arab World.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. نادية عباس صالح، ا.د. سداد أنور محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
El lenguaje juvenil en España: estudio de expresiones coloquiales y su traducción al árabe
Abstract This study examines a set of colloquial expressions used by young speakers in Spanish TV series such as Élite and Física o Química, with the aim of analyzing their translation into Arabic. These expressions, marked by dynamism and lexical creativity, pose a significant challenge for translators due to the frequent lack of direct equivalents. The methodology consisted of extracting twenty expressions, verifying them in specialized dictionaries, and consulting both Arabic language experts and young native Spanish speakers. The analysis revealed that the most common techniques applied were functional equivalence and paraphrasing, followed by cultural adaptation and the creation of neologisms. The findings highlight that translating youth slang requires not only a linguistic but also a cultural approach, and that sociolinguistic validation is essential to ensure naturalness and authenticity in the target language. Keywords: Youth language, colloquial expressions, translation.
Keywords: Youth language, colloquial expressions, translation
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. مصطفى محمد رشيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple mortgages (a comparative study)
The possessory mortgage is considered one of the best legal means because the debt enables the creditor to own the mortgaged property through it. The Iraqi legislator has permitted multiple mortgages so that there is more than one mortgage on one property Since the debtor may be forced to borrow from more than one person, he arranges a guarantee for the creditors on one amount The legislator addressed the issue of possession of the mortgaged property when there are multiple mortgage creditors, so that possession is for one of the mortgage creditors in principle, and when they agree on that, the mortgage creditor has two capacities: mortgagee and representative of the rest of the mortgagees Possession may be for a foreign person who is agreed upon by all mortgagees and is called the hand of justice, trustee, or agreed-upon custodian. He is the representative of the mortgagees in possession. Multiple mortgages have several characteristics that make them achieve trust and credit in financial transactions. It enables the mortgager to obtain the funds he needs with the guarantee of the mortgaged property without allocating them to only one mortgage. Also, multiple mortgages provide the mortgagee with a guarantee to secure the debts granted to the mortgager.
Mortgage, Plurality, Guarantee, Debt, Pledger, Mortgagee
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. محمد جابر غافل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children labor in the novle ''the black Brothers'' by the german Auther Liza Tetzner- an analytical Study
The Black Brothers by Lisa Tetzner explores child labor in 19th-century Milan as a major social issue. This study examines key concepts in children’s literature, including the structure of the novel and character development. It also features an infographic related to child labor. The analytical section investigates whether the harsh reality faced by chimney boys is accurately depicted and if the novel highlights the humane aspects of certain characters. It further evaluates whether the story offers an effective model to reduce child exploitation and promote justice. The findings suggest the novel evokes empathy and raises awareness about social injustices.
Children's literature, child labor, the black brothers, street children
Copyright (c) 2026 د. يسرى عبدالستار خلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A stylistic study of the discourse of rejection and violence in the novel The Brutal Wedding by Yann Queffélec
Abstract The novel The Brutal Wedding is a literary work by the French writer Yann Queffélec. It was published in 1985, and won the Goncourt Prize in the same year. This study adopts The analysis and identification of the rhetorical styles that characterized the writer's own style. Thus, by analyzing the language used in the above-stated novel, including vocabulary, syntactic structures, and rhetorical styles, the current study focuses on the topics of rejection and violence. This study arrives at the conclusion that the author's narrative style in terms of the careful selection of lexical words, semantic aspects, and the multiple connotations that addressed the problems of rejection, violence, and the constant suffering of his heroes, were able to a large extent to enrich his work, and hence, creating a profound psychological impact on the reader.
Rejection, violence, maternal rage, narrative
Copyright (c) 2026 م. ايناس جاسم علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of interactive image in teaching/learning French as a foreign language in Iraq: semiotic analysis of image
Abstract The context of teaching French as a foreign language in Iraq passes through certain axes. Developments in recent years have contributed to encouraging dialogue about new technology and artificial intelligence. So, integrating digital tools has undoubtedly become interesting. Among these tools is the interactive image as a didactico-linguistic support. Image has an effective role in the process of learning FLE in the Iraqi context. We analyze the effectiveness of this tool by defining the semiotic analysis aspect of the interactive image to show the fine details that can be used. The present paper will discuss how the interactive image affects the evolution of teaching and learning French in the Iraqi context, and what is its semiotic impact? This study helps to know how to follow the international trend of active education. Our analysis helps to update the method of learning French in Iraq by adopting more appropriate digital tools. The findings of our research help to formulate effective recommendations. Through the analytical methodology adopted in data analysis and detailed presentation of the group, and by justifying the effectiveness of the interactive image in learning French in the Iraqi academic context at the University of Baghdad, we find that students' motivation increases due to the use of information and communications technology (ICT), especially in their work in semiotic analysis of the image. In addition, this paper presents the difficulties faced by teachers and students, and the proposed solutions.
Interactive image, Genially, language support, teacher's sheet on semiotic analysis
Assistant professor Dr. Jinan Mohammed Watheq Ismael AL – OBAIDI
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. جنان محمد واثق اسماعيل العبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translation Strategies for Culture- Bound Expression in The Arabic Novel of Cities of Salt
This study examines the strategies employed in rendering culture-bound expressions in in Abdulrahman Munif’s novel Cities of Salt (1984) as translated into English by Peter Theroux (1987). Culture- bound expressions, which includes reference to Arabic social practices, tradition, religion and history, poses a great challenge to the translator due the absence of exact equivalent between the two languages. Drawing upon theoretical model of Pedersen’s strategies of translation (2005), The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive approach. The study hypothesizes that Theroux employs a combination of TL and SL oriented strategies. To achieve this, twenty excerpts which contain a heavy cultural loaded expressions were selected from the ST along with English translation. They were analyzed to identify the strategies used in rendering cultural loaded expression. The study comes to conclusion that translating culture-bound expressions in Cities of Salt is problematic due to cultural gap between Arabic and English language. The translator’s knowledge of the SL and TL culture is a must. Insufficient knowledge of the source-language culture leads to a loss of cultural specificity in the target language, thereby resulting in deficiencies in the translation. The study highlights the complexity of translating these expressions and the balance a translation should maintain between persevering the cultural identity of the SL and producing accessible and natural TL text.
استراتيجيات الترجمة، الترجمة الادبية، التعابير الثقافية، أنموذج بيديرسن، مدن الملح، عبدالرحمن منيف
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. عمر علي صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of the Forms of Alienation in The Stranger by Albert Camus and Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih
The concept of alienation has generated considerable interest across various fields of the human sciences and has been studied in diverse religious, political, social, and literary contexts, with meanings that vary according to the framework of analysis. Studies indicate that alienation encompasses social dimensions that express its essence, and that it represents an existential phenomenon accompanying human beings throughout their lives, manifesting itself in their questioning of life, death, the hereafter, and the nature of existence. Alienation may take the form of self-isolation, social solitude, the renunciation of one’s rights, or the feeling of absurdity toward the phenomena of the world—reflecting the conflict between the individual and society, or between the self and the surrounding reality. The study of The Stranger by Albert Camus and Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih reveals the diversity of representations of alienation, both at the individual and social levels, within distinct cultural contexts. In Camus’s novel, existential and social alienation is embodied in the main character, who experiences detachment from society and others, marked by indifference toward dominant values and traditions. This detachment reflects a psychological and intellectual estrangement arising from the absurdity of life. In Tayeb Salih’s novel, alienation manifests itself in the protagonist’s conflict with his cultural and social identity, as well as in the tension between belonging and estrangement in a dual-cultural environment. This complex form of alienation illustrates the rift between the individual, society, and history. This study aims to analyze the social and existential dimensions of alienation in both novels, to conduct an in-depth comparison to understand the multiple forms of estrangement, and to assess the similarities and differences in the portrayal of psychological and social isolation. Furthermore, it seeks to highlight the literary role in unveiling the individual’s inner conflicts and to offer a critical perspective on his relationship with society and culture.
alienation, individuality, social isolation, cultural conflict, comparative literary analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحثة: ساهرة ياسين حمدان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rhetorical Devices In Modern Hebrew Poetry: An Applied Study Of Selected Poems
This research aims to study rhetoric and its methods in selected examples of Modern Hebrew poetry, in order to reveal the style employed by the poet and the aesthetic structure he uses to express his ideas and artistic messages. The importance of this research stems from the fact that rhetoric is an essential tool for understanding literary texts, especially poetry, which is characterized by its density of expressive images and richness of meaning. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing selected poems by Jewish poets in order to reveal the most prominent rhetorical devices used, such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, repetition, and others, while explaining their role in clarifying meaning and highlighting the aesthetics of the text. It also sought to highlight how these tools are used to persuade and enrich poetic texts, as their selection varies from one poet to another. The research concluded that rhetoric is an artistic tool that combines aesthetic and semantic dimensions and contributes to the formulation of the identity of the poetic text. It is not limited to words, but goes beyond them to the meanings, images, and metaphors that make the text more effective and persuasive. Thus, rhetoric manifests itself as an art that blends essence (meaning) and aesthetic form (rhetorical formulation), giving the text power of expression and depth of impact.
Keywords: Rhetoric, Modern Hebrew Poetry, Rhetorical device, Selected poems, Metaphor
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م ايات سالم جوده، م.م. زينب عباس فاضل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The relationship between the individual and society in Italo Calvino's novel "The Baron Who Lived in the Trees"
The novel "The Baron of the Trees" by Italo Calvino addresses the relationship between the individual and society from the perspective of the main character, Cosimo di Rondo, who decides to spend his life in the trees, rejecting the class life to which he belonged. "The Baron of the Trees" is part of Calvino's larger narrative trilogy, "Our Ancestors," which includes three novels that embody different aspects of contemporary Europeans. This trilogy explores the origins of identity and human history, imagined in an unreal time and place. The trilogy is a model for discovering present-day identity by revisiting the past in the mirror of literature, and addresses complex issues of individual identity. Amid these events, between isolationist rebellion against society and the inevitability of communication in the struggle for identity, the novel demonstrates that this decision does not completely isolate the individual from society, and that a life of absolute rebellion can lead to a loss of social balance. Hence, the fundamental idea of ​​our study of Calvino's novel becomes clear: the search for identity and personal freedom requires a full awareness of the individual's relationship with the social circle surrounding him or her. The title "The Search for Identity in Western Literary Texts" constitutes a fundamental focus of this research. Identity in literature is an expression that encompasses awareness of the self and of life's and social necessities. It is a vital aspect in literature that sheds light on the multidimensional nature of the human being.
Our Ancestors Trilogy, individual rebellion, identity in European literature, Italo Calvino, and the individual character.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. م. نورا صفاء عبد الرسول، م. م. مساعد وسان عبد الحسين رضا https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges of Translation from Arabic to Persian: An Applied Study in Translating "Imra'ah Min Tabaqayn
Translation serves as a vital epistemological and humanistic medium, playing a fundamental role in building bridges of communication between diverse cultures and peoples. It goes beyond the mere transfer of information from one language to another, contributing to the enrichment of cultural and literary exchange and allowing readers to engage with different intellectual worlds. It also offers translators the opportunity to explore diverse linguistic and cultural realms. in this context, the present study examines the translator’s experience in rendering the novel Imra’ah Min Tabaqayn (A Two-Story Woman) from Arabic into Persian. The translator encountered various linguistic and cultural challenges, most notably the handling of shared vocabulary between Arabic and Persian that carries divergent meanings, and the difficulty of finding precise equivalents for certain idioms and proverbs. Based on these issues, the study aims to shed light on how the translator navigates borrowed terms and identifies suitable equivalents for idioms and proverbs. It employs a contrastive analysis approach to examine the texts and justifies the semantic dimensions that influence the translation process. The findings reveal that borrowed Arabic words in Persian often do not retain their original meanings; instead, Persian tends to alter their meanings either partially or entirely. The study also highlights that Arabic idioms and proverbs lacking accurate or similar counterparts in Persian represent some of the most significant challenges for translators, as literal translations may lead to confusion or misinterpretation among Persian readers.
Contrastive analysis, translation studies, borrowed vocabulary, semantic level
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحثة: وئام العلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Nouns of the time and place between Syriac and Arabic languages A comparative study of Semitic linguistic study The book of Exodus as a sample
Our study is based on one of the grammatical topics in the Syriac and Arabic languages which is ( the nouns of time and place ) which is one of the types of derivatives whose formulation is subject to rules and is considered one of the important means is the growth of languages and the generation of words and formulas some of them are rigid, that is, auditory, without measurement and without weight, and some are derived. We have divided this research into two chapters the first in which we dealt with the issue of derivation and its types and the opinion of scholars about it which is one of the characteristic of the Semitic languages in that its vocabulary derived from one origin is subject to the principle of abstraction and addition its divisions and how it was formulated as well as the name of place its definition and how it was formulated and in the second chapter we conducted a comparative lexical study of these names and their roots and the extent of their convergence difference and sometimes coincidence and two languages are similar in the presence of the names of time and place in the which is evidence of the unity of these languages and her kinship .
The name of the time , Place name , Exodus ,Semitic languages , A comparative
Copyright (c) 2026 م. علي عبدالرزاق عبدالزهرة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Absurdity Under Occupation: Contextualizing the Theatre of the Absurd in Iraq in Al Assadi’s Baghdadi Bath (2005)
Abstract: This paper contends that Jawad Al-Assadi’s Baghdadi Bath (2005) is a contextualisation of the European Theatre of the Absurd's techniques to articulate a distinctly Iraqi critique of the occupation. The Theatre of the Absurd is a genre pioneered by European playwrights and emerged from the existential crisis post-World War II. Unlike the European Theatre of the Absurd, absurdism in the play stems not from the abstract, metaphysical and existential despair but from the tangible, political upheaval and moral decay. Through a textual analysis of the play, this study examines the localisation of key absurdist conventions, including incomprehensible setting, cyclical structure, fractured dialogue, archetypal characters and denial of catharsis. This paper has two primary objectives. First, it examines localisation of the conventions of the Theatre of the Absurd in Baghdadi Bath (2005). Second, it examines how this localised absurdity functions as a potent medium to critique the socio-political reality of post-2003 Iraq rather than a philosophical exercise. The key results of the play show how the play’s setting, which is a dysfunctional bathhouse, is a metaphor for the nation's sinking into turmoil. Furthermore, the brothers’ Sisyphean actions and fragmented communications indicate the relentless trauma under sanction, dictatorship and occupation. This study is significant due to the scarcity of scholarship on how absurdist techniques have been adapted into the Iraqi context. While Western absurd theatre is extensively studied, little attention is given to the contextualisation of the theatre of the absurd in Iraq. Moreover, the play offers a human-scale account of the Iraqi experience that transcends simple political and historical accounts. Thus, Baghdadi Bath is a significant work for understanding the human cost of conflict and the capability of the dramatic spectrum in showing the Iraqi's perspective about the occupation and its aftermaths.
Baghdadi Bath (2005), Iraq post-2003, Jawad Al-Assadi, Theatre of the Absurd
Assistant Lecturer Abdul Salaam Hummadi Al-Moosawi
Copyright (c) 2026 م. م. عبد السلام حمادي عويز الموسوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Class Consciousness in the Novels “Cell 18” by Ali Ashraf darvishian And “Beirut Mills” by Tawfiq Youssef Awad
The research deals with the Issue of Class consciousness, Class consciousness is a term used in literary sociology criticism and is one of the categories related to structuralism that Lucien Goldman has paid special attention to. He considers three types of consciousness: real consciousness, possible consciousness, and false consciousness. The novel Cell 18 by Ali Ashraf darvishian and the novel " Beirut Mills " by Lebanese writer Tawfiq Youssef Awad are political and social novels dominated by the realist approach, and they express political issues and social problems of Iranian and Lebanese societies and the process of forming class consciousness. The aim of this research, based on the foundations of Lucien Goldman's theory and the frameworks of comparative literature of the American school, attempts to examine the reflection of class consciousness in these two novels. The results of the research show that class consciousness in Iranian and Lebanese societies. Finally, Despite the obstacles that false awareness and internal and external factors have created in the path of its realization, it has reached its peak at a stage in the history of both countries and has borne fruit in the form of the revolution of the Iranian people against the authoritarian government, as well as peaceful ethnic and religious coexistence in Lebanon
Structuralism, Class Consciousness, Comparative Literature, Ali Ashraf darvishian, Tawfiq Youssef Awad
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. د. رحيم مزهر العتابي، د. معصومة تقي زاده https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children of Empire: Peter Pan and the Seeds of Colonial Thinking
Children’s fiction often transcends its superficial framework as mere entertainment by implicitly addressing broader cultural, social, and political issues, which underscores its pedagogical function for young readers. This study examines the imperial ideology embedded in James M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy (the novelistic adaptation of his 1904 play Peter Pan). It aims to show how the novel, through the enchantments of its fantastical world and militarised adventure, aestheticizes and implants colonial beliefs and tendencies in children’s imagination, especially Edwardian young readers. Through the conceptual lens of postcolonial theory, the research examines the imaginary setting in Barrie’s novel, Neverland, which functions as an imperial nursery. This fictional island invites the implied child reader to absorb colonial thinking, thereby fortifying Britain’s colonial project and expansionist ideology. The text’s racial perspective and the belligerence of its boy-characters are pivotal aspects nurturing colonial ideology by cultivating ideas of hierarchy and superiority in the empire’s youth. Furthermore, the article demonstrates how the author’s use of war games, caricatures and mimicry naturalises power structures within the child’s worldview, paving the way for imperial thinking. The novel’s definition of gender roles is also fundamental to understanding the imperial subtext through Wendy’s role as an imperial mother. The research concludes that Peter and Wendy envisions an imaginative habituation realm where the future generations of the British Empire can rehearse imperial practices, asserting their mastery over exotic colonial subjects and territories.
Barrie; colonial; domesticity; empire; imperial; Peter and Wendy; postcolonial.
Assistant Professor Dr. Zaid Ibrahim Ismael
Assistant Professor Dr. Asmaa Mehdi Saleh
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. أسماء مهدي صالح، أ.م.د. زيد إبراهيم إسماعيل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical and Practical Framework in the Authoring AZAFA Textbooks
So far, most of the focus has been on teaching Persian as a foreign language (AZFA), while attention to literature and its various genres has been neglected. On the other hand, scientific foundations in this field have not received sufficient consideration, and many (AZFA) textbooks have been written based on personal preferences and experiences rather than academic principles. For this reason, the authors have designed a Persian Language and Literature Teaching Program (AZAFA) and have proposed a theory, a conceptual framework, and a model for it. The inclusion of a literature section in (AZFA) textbooks is based on three main reasons: First, in the Reflective Thinking Theory, which is one of the fundamental educational theories worldwide, literature plays a significant role and elements such as description, narration, and plot are emphasized. Second, in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, literature contributes to defamiliarization and the creation of aesthetic experiences. The type of research is fundamental-developmental, and its method is descriptive-analytical, encompassing three dimensions: theoretical, field-based, and documentary. The (Azafa) theory is also built upon these three methods. Thus, the process of designing, compiling, and authoring (Azafa) textbooks has been created, enabling instructors, authors, and specialists to understand, critique, and evaluate these books. The distinguishing feature of (Azafa) is the integration of language and literature, which in this plan includes theory, concept, and method. This triad was applied experimentally on elementary Persian textbooks by the authors, and the results have been reported in the research background section. (Azafa) textbooks, with a literary-linguistic approach and scientific methodology, can address the weaknesses of (Azfa) textbooks.
Theory, Model, Pattern, Method, Azafa, Textbook
Assistant Professor Dr. Jasim Raddam Mahmoud
Assistant Professor Dr. Mohammad Faghiri
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. جاسم ردام محمود، أ.م.د. محمد فقيري، أ.م.د. فاطمة علیان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON USING THE PERSUASIVE POWER OF PERSON DEIXIS IN POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS TEXTS
Addressing issues related to the implied meaning of expressions and words are dealt with using pragmatics. Deixis is a case in point; it refers to a type of reference that offers the reader a deeper understanding of what characters intend by their utterances. This research is qualitative in nature; it aims to examine comparatively the prevalent type of deictic words invested in political and religious texts, and to investigate the reasons behind their usage in such contexts. To meet this objective, two speeches have been selected; one is political belonging to the American President Barack Obama, and the second one is religious belonging to Muzammil Sidiqi, an Indian director of the Islamic Center of Washington, D.C. The study has concluded that both politicians and preachers employ different types of deictic markers in their writings. However, it has been noted that politicians utilize deictic words and expressions, such as the 1st person, specifically (we), in political texts more frequently than preachers owing to personal and political objectives, to garner support during elections and to assert dominance, particularly among the American politicians. Conversely, preachers use the 1st person (we) for advice and guidance purposes, aiming to direct the audience towards the correct religious path and to foster a sense of belonging within the Muslim community, emphasizing as a result the need for guidance and advice. This is because both preachers and individuals should strive to be closer to Allah through obedience.
Deixis, person deixis, persuasive power, political text, religious text, qualitative study
Assistant Professor Dr. Rana H. Al-Bahrani
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحثة: زينب عبودي علي، أ. م. د. و رنا حميد البحراني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Alienation and Identity in "Don DeLillo’s White Noise" and Contemporary Arabic Fiction
<a href="This paper discusses digital disconnection and the search for identity by comparing Don DeLillo’s White ‎Noise, published in 1985 with some Arabic novels that were published after 2000. DeLillo’s novel is one ‎of the most important works of postmodernism as it presents a reality that has been overtly saturated by ‎media abundance and technological revolution where human experience becomes commodified. ‎Contemporary Arabic literature, Iraqi, and Arab fiction after 2000 spoke about similar issues in different ‎sociopolitical contexts. Works like Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi show the reader how ‎technology and media can be associated with violence, memories, and feelings of alienation that take place ‎within a postwar environment. By contrast, these narratives bring out similarities and differences in the ‎representation of identity in technologically influenced societies. The paper thus becomes a study of how ‎American and Arabic writers respond to the same questions: In what ways does technology reshape self-‎identity? Which media narratives replace individual memory and identity? The comparative framework ‎demonstrates that despite coming from different backgrounds, both literary traditions engage with the same ‎universal problem – technological intervention in human identity – thus foregrounding the way ‎comparative literature maps cross-cultural modes of estrangement even as it registers cultural specificity.‎">This paper discusses digital disconnection and the search for identity by comparing Don DeLillo’s White ‎Noise, published in 1985 with some Arabic novels that were published after 2000. DeLillo’s novel is one ‎of the most important works of postmodernism as it presents a reality that has been overtly saturated by ‎media abundance and technological revolution where human experience becomes commodified. ‎Contemporary Arabic literature, Iraqi, and Arab fiction after 2000 spoke about similar issues in different ‎sociopolitical contexts. Works like Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi show the reader how ‎technology and media can be associated with violence, memories, and feelings of alienation that take place ‎within a postwar environment. By contrast, these narratives bring out similarities and differences in the ‎representation of identity in technologically influenced societies. The paper thus becomes a study of how ‎American and Arabic writers respond to the same questions: In what ways does technology reshape self-‎identity? Which media narratives replace individual memory and identity? The comparative framework ‎demonstrates that despite coming from different backgrounds, both literary traditions engage with the same ‎universal problem – technological intervention in human identity – thus foregrounding the way ‎comparative literature maps cross-cultural modes of estrangement even as it registers cultural specificity.‎
digital alienation, identity, Arabic novel, comparative literature, media culture
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. أمنية محمد جاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Realism and Symbolism in Mehrdad Sedghi's Story "Cookies with a Cardamom Flavor" (A Study and Analysis)
Abstract Mehrdad Sadeghi's novel "Cookies with the Taste of Cardamom" is a distinctive literary work that blends realism and symbolism in its portrayal of Iranian society during the Iran-Iraq War. Set in the 1980s in a traditional Khorasan setting, the novel chronicles the daily life of a simple family struggling to survive amidst wartime conditions and economic and social pressures. Sadeghi employs a satirical realism that combines simplicity with depth, revealing the contradictions between ideals and lived reality, and between hope and despair that pervade the people. He uses cultural symbols such as "candy" and "the scent of cardamom" to embody the meanings of childhood, memory, and the longing for lost security. The novel's use of humor as a psychological tool of resistance against the harshness of reality is prominent, transforming everyday situations into scenes imbued with profound human and political significance. A critical analysis of the narrative structure and linguistic descriptions reveals that the work reflects the social and cultural transformations in Iran from a popular perspective closely aligned with real life. The study confirms that Sadeghi, through this blend of symbolism and realism, was able to produce a literary work that is both documentary and humanistic, embodying the features of contemporary Iranian literature and reflecting the voice of the ordinary person in the face of war and alienation
Realism and symbolism, (Cookies with a Cardamom Flavor), Mehrdad Sadeghi
Copyright (c) 2026 م. مكي خالد عبد الرزاق https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effectiveness of an educational program based on the circular succession strategy in achieving the subject of educational research methods and developing creative motivation among students of the College of Basic Education.
This research aims at identifying the effectiveness of a learning program based on the strategy of the ring sequence in collecting educational research curriculum material and developing the creative motivation of the students of the Faculty of Basic Education to achieve the goal of research the researcher used the descriptive and experimental approaches with partial control. The research sample was composed of (90) students from the first grade teacher's department at the Faculty of Basic Education - University of Sumer, and the number of students from the experimental group (46) students who studied the educational program based on the strategy of ring succession, and the number of students from the control group (44) reached students who studied in the traditional program. The researchers rewarded in the following variables (age, intelligence, prior knowledge, academic level, heart application of creative motivation); The researchers prepared an educational program based on the strategy of ring succession, and the researchers prepared two research tools, the first tool was a test of results consisting of (60) multiple selection type paragraph, and the second tool is the measure of creative motivation and consists of (36) paragraphs. The results of the research showed that the experimental group that studied according to the educational program based on the strategy of the ring succession on the students of the control group that studied according to the traditional program in collecting the subject of the educational and creative research curriculum.
البرنامج التعليمي، استراتيجية التعاقب الحلقي ، التحصيل ، الدافعية الابداعية
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. وسام نجم محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanisms of Persuasion in Hebrew Advertisement A Pragmatic- Syntactic Analysis
The study examines the persuasive mechanisms in Hebrew advertisements through a pragmatic-syntactic approach, focusing on the relationship between linguistic structures and psychological influence. The research aims to analyze how advertisers employ language to shape consumer attitudes and decisions, distinguishing between “advertising” as a communicative activity and “advertisement” as its product. The study applies pragmatic theories, including speech act theory and persuasive strategies, to investigate how meaning is constructed beyond literal semantics to achieve communicative effectiveness. Using a qualitative approach, the research analyzes selected Hebrew advertisements to identify five covert persuasive strategies: fear appeal, euphemism, transfer, common ground, and repetition. The study explores how these strategies align with syntactic structures and speech acts to influence consumer perception. The findings reveal that advertisers strategically manipulate linguistic choices within a socio-cultural context to enhance persuasive effectiveness. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of language in advertising discourse and highlights the impact of linguistic and pragmatic elements on consumer behavior.
Advertising, Advertisement, Pragmatics, Speech Act, Persuasion, Principles of Persuasion, Persuasion Strategies.
Assistant Professor Dr. Ghazwan Majeed Rasheed
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحثة: سمر مصطفى هادي، أ.م.د. غزوان مجيد رشيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
La crise identitaire entre le présent et le passé dans le roman "Meurtres pour mémoire" de Didier Daeninckx
Le présent travail explore les représentations de la crise identitaire et les défis envisagés par l'identité dans le roman Meurtres pour mémoire de Didier Daeninckx. Partant des causes incitant l'auteur à l'écriture de ce roman, cette recherche vise à illustrer le rôle de la mémoire en général, notamment celle collective et le rôle du pouvoir dans la reconstruction de l'identité nationale. La recherche tente de trouver des réponses à un nombre de questions soulevées telles que : dans quelle mesure la crise identitaire se présente -t-elle dans le roman ? Comment l'auteur utilise-t-il la structure policière du roman comme manière de déconstruire le discours officiel refusant de reconnaitre des faits historiques réels ? Ce travail divisé en nombre d'axes aborde la notion de la crise identitaire et les significations symboliques du roman et l'impact de la mémoire collective dans la construction de l'identité. De plus, il met au jour les techniques narratives et stylistiques du roman et d'autres questions. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que ce roman écrit en 1984 a contribué à lever le voile sur des faits historiques commis par la police française à Paris en 1961, dissimulés longtemps dans le discours français officiel jusqu' aux années 1990. Ils ont aussi montré la crainte de l'auteur de la défiguration de l'identité à la lumière des mutations majeures accélérées alors dans la société française pendant la deuxième moitié du XX siècle.
Crise, Didier Daeninckx, Identité, Mémoire, Pouvoir, Histoire
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. أحمد عبد عباس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Corpus-Based Analysis of Eco-Soundscapes in Dickens’s Narrative Worlds
تتناول هذه الدراسة كيفية بناء تشارلز ديكنز للمناظر الصوتية البيئية في رواياته الرئيسية عبر توظيف المفردات المحاكِية للأصوات، وذلك باستخدام منهج قائم على المدونة لسدّ فجوة في الدراسات الإيكولوجية النقدية ذات الطابع النوعي. جُمعت عشرمن روايات ديكنزفي مدونة لغوية واحدة ثم جرى تحليلها باستعمال برنامج انتكوم مع التركيز على عشرة ألفاظ بارزة من المحاكاة الصوتية التي ترتبط بالاصوات البيئية والجوية. وأظهرت النتائج الكمية أن عددها بلغ 1457 وان الكلمات الاتية كانت الاكثر شيوعاً: Hum, murmur, roar, whisper وهذا يشير الى ان ديكنز يستجيب لمواضع سردية محددة من خلال الاستعمال المتكرر للاصوات الخلفية منخفضة الحدة والاصوات الطبيعية البسيطة على النقيض من الاحداث الخلفية الصاخبة. كما كشفت انماط التكرار الخاصة بكل رواية عن ارتفاع كثافة الصور الصوتية في: BarnabyRudge, Dombey and Son, and Little Dorrit الاصواتوهو ما يعكس نقدها للعالم مستوى أدنى من استعمال Hard Times في حين أظهرت رواية الصناعي. ومن خلال التحليل النوعي، تبيّن أن ديكنز يوظّف الصوت لتمثيل الظروف البيئية، وترميز المواقف الثقافية تجاه الطبيعة، وتوجيه انخراط القارئ العاطفي مع الفضاء السردي. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن المناظر الصوتية البيئية في روايات ديكنز غنية لغوياً، ذات دلالة إيكولوجية، ويمكن تتبّعها اعتماداً على منهجيات المدونة. ومع ذلك، تشمل حدود الدراسة الاقتصار على مجموعة محدودة من الألفاظ الصوتية والتركيز على مؤلف واحد. وتقترح الأبحاث المستقبلية توسيع النطاق المعجمي، والمقارنة بين عدة كُتّاب، واعتماد تحليلات دلالية أو متعددة الوسائط لتعميق استكشاف المناظر الصوتية في الأدب
Corpus Linguistics, Eco-Sound Scapes, Onomatopoeic Words, Descriptive Words , Sensory Words
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. د. فداء محسن مطر، الباحثة: تقوى رشيد جمعة، الباحثة: سما عدنان ناجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Pragmatic Approach to The Effectiveness of Presupposition in Mohammed AbdulGhani Hasan’s Poetic Work from The Inspiration of Displaced Livers
Abstract When pragmatics was based on studying the interest of language which mean how it was used to achieve the communication process between the sender and receiver, it work based on concepts such as presupposition. As a procedural concept with a liguistics nature,presupposition is structred based on information and assumption between the sender and receiver. For this reason, the current study to focus on poetic work "from the inspiration of displased liver" by Mohammed Abdul Ghani Hasan to state the role of assumption to reveal the implicit and hidden in the poetic discourse.
pragmatic approach,presupposition,poetry,Mohammed AbdulGhani Hasan.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م رانيه علي منعم العبدلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identity Conflict in Inaam Kachachi'sThe Winemake In Light of Norman Fairclough's Discourse Analysis
The study deals with analyzing the novel “The Winemaker” by the Iraqi writer Inaam Kachachi, to reveal the mechanisms of the struggle over identity, in its various types: subjective, national, and then existential, according to the critical method of discourse analysis developed by Norman Fairclough, which is based on three The main axes at which identity intersect and the mechanisms of its deconstruction and reunification are: description, interpretation, and clarification. In the description, we sought to trace the linguistic structure and its coherence in the narrative discourse, evoking sounds and their connotations, and their impact on the cultural identity structure For the novel, through deconstructing narrative language and its central role in constructing identities, then reshaping it in light of the meaning. In the second axis, we address the interpretation of the visions and positions that the characters experienced in a turbulent social, cultural and political context, relying on Characters living in existential exile, with a fractured sense of belonging across time and space. The axis of clarification depicts the internal and external conflicts experienced by the characters in their quest to acquire identity, resist prevailing stereotypes, and resist the intellectual structure of male and political authority The study concludes that the novel presents an identity conflict in an ongoing process of Negotiating the self's belonging to the self and its belonging to the homeland, through oscillation between the past and the present, between the homeland and exile, between freedom and belonging
identity, discourse, exile, power, conflic, ideology
Assistant Professor . Hussein Cheraghi Wesh
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. حوراء منعم سلمان، أ. م. حسين چراغى وش، أ. صلاح الدين عبدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Concept of Recognition and the Construction of Self-Identity in ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād’s Poetry
It has long been customary among poets to direct their speech toward others—whether in praise, flirtation, satire, or description. Yet, this tendency did not prevent some poets from turning inward, addressing themselves and expressing, in many instances, the emotions stirring within their souls and the moral dispositions shaping their inner being. Honneth, in his endeavor to establish a new social philosophy, sought to define a number of key concepts, foremost among them the notion of recognition. He argues that mutual recognition is sufficient to resolve social conflicts grounded in domination, control, and injustice, thereby enabling individuals to achieve positive self-realization. Honneth further articulates recognition in three distinct forms: recognition in love, recognition in rights, and recognition in social solidarity.
Recognition, Identity, ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. مروة علي حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0