lark
type: channel
description: Journal title Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences Indexing Online ISSN Print ISSN 2663-5836 1999-5601 Frequency 4 issues per year DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Nihad Hassan Hajji, Faculty of Art College , Universiti Wasit, Iraq Email: nhaji@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by College of Art – University of Wasit, Iraq Citation Analysis Google Scholar Acceptance Rate: 60% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, You have to make sure that your paper is prepared using the Lark paper Template, has been carefully proofread and polished, and conformed to the author's guidelines. Online Submissions Do you already have a username/password for WJCMS? GO TO LOGIN Need a username/password? GO TO REGISTRATION Registration and login are required to submit items online and check current submissions' status.
publisher: جامعة واسط
language: en
publication name: lark
issn: 1999-5601
items: The Role of Educational Curricula in Achieving Environmental Sustainability / Human Geography Model
items: The Early Foundations of Peaceful Coexistence and Social Justice in Ancient Iraq King Urukagina’s Reforms as a paradigm
items: The Dramatic-Intertextual Structure in Muzaffar Al-Nawwab’s Poem Al-Quds Is the Bride of Your Arabism
items: Semantic Analysis of Heroism in the series “the Simpsons Animation”
items: The Impact of Information Technology Applications on Knowledge Management Processes in Knowledge-Based Educational Institutions
items: (The Use of Encouragement in Iraqi Arabic Dialect: A Pragmatic Perspective)
items: Number and the theory of classes in ancient Arabic criticism
items: The influence of the Tayyis on the transmitted sciences in Andalusia between the two centuries 4-8AH/10-14AD))
items: The cursed narrators in the texts of the imams : an analytical study
items: Dialogues in Islamic poetry
items: Podcasts and Their Impact on Arab Youth A Study of Diffusion and Social and Psychological Influences
items: A Pragmatic Analysis of Trump’s Statements on Iran’s Nuclear Agreement
items: The Critique of Scientism in Feyerabend’s Philosophy
items: (Trends in Media on Social Media from Government Speech & Its Effect on the General Public) (Model Application: TikToking)
items: The Dialectics of Multiculturalism and Hybridisation in Ali Bader’s novel “The Clouds player”
items: The Place Identity Continuity And Its Relation To Life Satisfaction At Slum Dwellers
items: The Impact of India–Russia Relations on Geostrategic Balances in the Indo-Pacific Region
items: Intellectual Transformations in the Poetry of Ibn Sahl al-Ishbili
items: The Significance of Certainty in Mahdist Anticipatory Discourse A Linguistic-Pragmatic Approach to Texts from Nahj al-Balagha
items: Encoding and Decoding Challenges in Consecutive Interpreting: Insights from Student Training Programs
items: Persuasive Devices Used in Poetry: A Pragma Stylistic Study
items: RETRACTED: An Investigation into the Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) Apps by University EFL Students
items: The Scientific Role of Hadith Scholars from Maysan during the 3rd and 4th Hijri Centuries
items: Violations of Ibn Malik (672 AH) to Al-Zamakhshari (538 AH)
items: A Critical Study of the Social Dimension in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from the Perspective of the Holy Qur’an and Hadith
items: The Synoptic analysis of upper pressure types and their impact on precipitation variation in northern Iraq
items: A Stylistic Study of the Text "Mudawwanat 'Abir" by the Poet Omar Al-Sarray
items: Cultural Patterns in the Novel Al-Sabīliyāt by Ismail Fahd Ismail A Reading in the Light of Cultural Criticism
items: The legal framework for the development of joint-stock companies’ activities under Iraqi Companies Law No. 21 of 1997, as amended
items: The Qur'anic Approach to Conserving Natural Resources

The Role of Educational Curricula in Achieving Environmental Sustainability / Human Geography Model
type: item
description: Abstract The current study sought to analyze the roles played by Iraqi educational curricula in achieving the principles of environmental sustainability by focusing on human geography curricula and identifying roles at the cognitive, behavioral, and affective levels. This was achieved by using a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire consisting of (24) items distributed across four main areas. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of (100) geography teachers in middle schools in Baghdad. The study concluded that Iraqi curricula contain a high degree of terms and concepts related to environmental sustainability. Cognitive roles were at the forefront of human geography's role in achieving environmental sustainability, followed by behavioral and affective influences.
subject: Teaching methods
  topic: section
subject: Educational Curricula - Environmental Sustainability - Human Geography – Role
  topic: keywords
creator: Reyad Noore
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 د. رياض الفيلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1116
ending page: 1100
doi: 10.31185/lark.4909

The Early Foundations of Peaceful Coexistence and Social Justice in Ancient Iraq King Urukagina’s Reforms as a paradigm
type: item
description: The development of human civilization particularly in its social dimension is characterized by gradualness and slowness, making it difficult to trace its stages or pinpoint its transformations with precision. It can be likened to a tree that, upon reaching full maturity, appears entirely different from the seed it originated from, having diverged through numerous phases of change, One of the most striking examples of such conceptual evolution is what is known today as peaceful coexistence and social justice. At first glance, these values may seem to be, products of modern European civilization. However the earliest foundations and formative expressions of these concepts date back thousands of years, specifically to the land of Sumer. A conical clay tablet, dating to the early third millennium BC and preserved in four copies perhaps due to its great significance at the time has reached us. It contains the reforms of King Urukagina, one of the rulers of the Lagash dynasty, These reforms are considered among the oldest known documents to challenge bureaucratic authority, which had become excessive in imposing taxes and exploiting the country’s resources for its own benefit ultimately harming the poorer segments of society.
subject: History, archaeology and heritage investigation
  topic: section
subject: Reforms, Urukagina, Lagash, Reform, Tolerance
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Amjaad Jameel Hamood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. امجاد جميل حمود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 437
ending page: 409
doi: 10.31185/lark.4867

The Dramatic-Intertextual Structure in Muzaffar Al-Nawwab’s Poem Al-Quds Is the Bride of Your Arabism
type: item
description: This study aims to trace the dramatic-intertextual structure, in both form and content, in the poem (Watarīyāt Layliyya / Al-Quds Is the Bride of Your Arabism) by the late Iraqi poet Muzaffar Al-Nawwab. Through this tracing, the poem’s dramatic structure is revealed, relying on core narrative elements — time, space, characters, dialogue, and conflict — and grounded in the invocation of extra-textual references (intertextuality) as part of a creative experience that enriches the poetic text. In this sense, the poem is shaped as a coherent dramatic construct, representing a nocturnal journey that carries within it a revolutionary outcry and a hope for a new dawn. Within this framework, poetic tones intertwine with historical symbols — religious, political, and mythological — forming an organic structure that maintains the cohesion of the text and allows the reader to experience a unified, complete encounter, akin to a symphony performed on the strings of homeland, self, and freedom
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Modern Poetry, Al-Nawwab, Intertextuality, Narrative, Drama.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ezz El-Din Sakhi Khader
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. عز الدين صخي خضير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 67
ending page: 41
doi: 10.31185/lark.4815

Semantic Analysis of Heroism in the series “the Simpsons Animation”
type: item
description: Abstract This study explores the representation of heroism in *The Simpsons* through a visual semantic and semiotic lens. Utilizing Barthes’ theory of myth and connotation (1977) alongside Kress and van Leeuwen’s grammar of visual design (2006), the analysis investigates how heroism is constructed and critiqued through visual elements such as composition, gaze, color, and symbolic imagery. Selected scenes from key episodes illustrate how characters like Bart, Lisa, and Homer embody both heroic and anti-heroic traits, challenging traditional portrayals of heroism. The show employs satire, irony, and parody to deconstruct cultural myths, positioning flawed individuals as accidental heroes. By examining visual and narrative strategies, this study reveals how *The Simpsons* redefines heroism as a fluid, socially constructed phenomenon shaped by ideology, media influence, and audience perception, offering a critical commentary on contemporary cultural values and representations of heroism in animated television.
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: Semantic, Semantic Analysis, The Simpsons, Barthes’ theory (1977), Kress and van Leeuwen’s grammar of visual design (2006)
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Ali Mohammed Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م علي محمد حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1756
ending page: 1729
doi: 10.31185/lark.4719

The Impact of Information Technology Applications on Knowledge Management Processes in Knowledge-Based Educational Institutions
type: item
description: The research aims to reveal the impact of the relationship between information technology and knowledge management processes applications and to identify knowledge management processes in knowledge-based organizations. The researcher used the field method and questionnaire as a tool for collecting information. The research population and sample were employees working in the colleges and information centers at Wasit University. A random sample of 25% and (405) was selected from the total community of university employees. The results indicated that the highest impact of the dimensions of information technology applications on knowledge management processes was the human resources dimension, followed by the impact of the information and communications network, then devices and equipment. The lowest impact was the artificial intelligence applications dimension. The research recommendations include the use of knowledge management tools that allow for the organization, storage and retrieval of information easily and effectively, and the development of clear policies and regulations for naming files and determining how to save documents to facilitate access to them in the future.
subject: Media
  topic: section
subject: Information technology - knowledge management - information institutions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant professor Ahmed Hafidh Ibrahim Alqurishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م. أحمد حافظ ابراهيم القريشي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 955
ending page: 933
doi: 10.31185/lark.4513

(The Use of Encouragement in Iraqi Arabic Dialect: A Pragmatic Perspective)
type: item
description: Abstract This study investigates encouragement speech act strategies employed by Iraqi Arabs in Iraqi Arabic dialect. It also aims to discover the social and cultural norms that underlie performing and perceiving encouragements. Data were collected by employing Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT) and Focus group interview (FGI). Data obtained from these two instruments were analysed descriptively and qualitatively. Written Discourse Completion Task involves eight situations in which the participants as interlocutors of higher and equal status were to encourage an individual with close and familiar social distant in various contexts. The model followed to analyse the collected data based on Van's (2011) and Jung's (2010) classification of semantic formulas. The main findings were that Iraqi Arabs employed 30 types of encouragement strategies, 18 more than those used in Van's (2011) and Jung's study. They also preferred directness rather than indirectness in giving their encouragements across the eight situations. However, they varied their preference of the specific strategies according to the social status, social, distance, and the context of situations. They fvoured praying as the dominant strategy in encouraging close lower-status interlocutors, while giving advice were employed dominantly in encouraging familiar lower-status interlocutors. In encouraging close equal-status interlocutors, they preferred reminding H's responsibility as the prominent strategy. Iraqi Arabs varied their tendency of strategies in encouraging familiar-equal interlocutors due to contexts. That is, the most frequent strategy was emphasizing the value of success/achievement in academic field, whereas creating hope were the prominent ones in workplace context. Importantly, some strategies employed by Iraqi Arabs involving creating hope, offering solutions, Quranic verses and Hadith, emphasizing the value of success/achievement, commendation, proverbs and sayings, praying, praising, sh…
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: Key Words: Pragmatics, Encouragement speech act, Iraqi Arabic dialect
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Arkan Abdulhasan Nassar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 د. اركان عبد الحسن نصار https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1728
ending page: 1691
doi: 10.31185/lark.4771

Number and the theory of classes in ancient Arabic criticism
type: item
description: This research seeks to uncover the role played by numbers in ancient Arabic criticism, particularly in the theory of classes. Ancient Arab critics were keen to use numbers in their critical discourse as a tool for evaluating, organizing, and classifying poets, dividing them into classes according to precise critical criteria. The most prominent manifestation of the relationship between numbers and class theory is found in Ibn Salam al-Jumahi (d. 231 AH) in his book (Tabaqat Fuhuul al-Shu'ara'). He was keen to divide and classify poets according to systematic classes, relying on critical criteria that combined artistic quality, time, and the number of poems, among other critical criteria. Throughout all of this, he used numbers as a means of evaluation and organization. This helped him to imbue his judgments with an objective character, making him one of the first Arab critics to employ numbers not only as a numerical tool, but also as a critical construct for distinguishing and differentiating between poets.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: criticism, number, class, poetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Reserch: Hussam Taha Zaidan Al-Itbi
creator: prof. Dr. Saad Dahis Nassir Al-Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 الباحث: حسام طه زيدان العتبي، أ. د. سعد داحس ناصر الحسني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 290
ending page: 276
doi: 10.31185/lark.4619

The influence of the Tayyis on the transmitted sciences in Andalusia between the two centuries 4-8AH/10-14AD))
type: item
description: Abstract: The value of historical research for researchers lies in shedding light on the impact the Banu Ta'i had on the transmitted sciences in Andalusia during that period, i.e., between the 4th and 8th centuries AH/10th and 14th centuries AD. The research objectives focused on historical induction and contemplation of the impact of each of the Banu Ta'i scholars in Andalusia on the transmitted sciences, who have not received historical studies in terms of their upbringing and their scholarly journeys within and outside Andalusia in pursuit of knowledge. Furthermore, their sheikhs, who heard and narrated from them, as well as their students, who had a significant share of knowledge as a result of the knowledge and learning they received from the Banu Ta'is in the transmitted sciences, in addition to the scholarly works they left behind that contributed to the development of the transmitted sciences in subsequent historical eras. It also sought to clarify the impact of some Banu Ta'is on the aspect of consultation in matters of jurisprudence. The research problem focused on the scientific impact of the Banu Ta'is on the sciences of the Qur'an, the science of hadith, the science of jurisprudence, and the literary sciences, as these sciences are considered among the Fundamentals of transmitted sciences in various countries of the Islamic world.
subject: History, archaeology and heritage investigation
  topic: section
subject: Banu Tai, transmitted sciences, Andalusia, Quranic sciences, Hadith science
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Shaima Kareem Khalaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. شيماء كريم خلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 564
ending page: 544
doi: 10.31185/lark.4564

The cursed narrators in the texts of the imams : an analytical study
type: item
description: Cursing is a concept mentioned in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah for several reasons. Cursing is also mentioned in texts narrated from the Imams (peace be upon them) regarding a group of narrators who deserved to be cursed due to their lying about the Imams (peace be upon them) or exaggerating their status..
subject: Religious science Quranic sciences
  topic: section
subject: The narrator, Damnation, Texts, Imams, Analytical study.
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Mohammed Ghanem Mohsen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ. م. د. محمد غانم محيسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1547
ending page: 1525
doi: 10.31185/lark.4702

Dialogues in Islamic poetry
type: item
description: Poetic texts revolve within a series of events within the circle of dialogue, and be as a link between the elements of the text, it constitutes a means of presenting events that involve an integrated narrative in terms of elements, which in turn shows the nature of poetic texts, delivered by poets to show the effectiveness of those dialogue, as it helps in revealing what those events that called for the establishment of dialogue, My girl is sequential in showing the textual plot in the poetic texts presented, thus revealing the role of the poet's self in the transfer and expression of all the situations she is going through, which makes her the most powerful delivery tool in the subtraction, it is an important means of communication with the recipient by expressing some texts through dialogue that help attract attention, For what the text tries to say being the first expression of the poet's subjectivity, whether that dialogue is an internal dialogue or an external dialogue with the other.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Dialogue, poetry, poet, Islamic
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rawya Sattar Ghafil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. رؤى ستار غافل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 104
ending page: 92
doi: 10.31185/lark.4613

Podcasts and Their Impact on Arab Youth A Study of Diffusion and Social and Psychological Influences
type: item
description: يعد البودكاست من الوسائل الإعلامية الرقمية الحديثة التي شهدت انتشارًا واسعًا في السنوات الأخيرة، خاصة بين فئة الشباب، حيث أصبح وسيلة رئيسية للحصول على المعلومات، الترفيه، والتوجيهات الاجتماعية والثقافية. مع تزايد استخدام الشباب للبودكاست، برزت أهمية فهم تأثيره على سلوكهم، معارفهم، واتجاهاتهم، خاصة أن المحتوى المسموع يملك القدرة على تشكيل القيم والاتجاهات بشكل كبير، نظراً لطبيعته السهلة الوصول والمرنة في الاستخدام. تُعد الدراسة الحالية محاولة لاستكشاف وتحليل مدى تأثير البودكاست على فئة الشباب في الوطن العربي خلال الفترة من 2020 إلى 2025، من خلال مراجعة الأدبيات الحديثة، وتحليل المحتوى، وجمع بيانات ميدانية. تهدف الدراسة إلى قياس مدى تأثير البودكاست على معارف الشباب وتوجهاتهم، وكذا سلوكهم، مع تحليل الفوائد والتحديات المرتبطة باستخدام هذا الوسيط الإعلامي، مع تقديم تصور استراتيجي لتعظيم الفوائد وتقليل المخاطر. تسعى الدراسة إلى الإجابة عن التساؤل الرئيسي: ما مدى تأثير البودكاست على سلوك، معارف، وتوجهات الشباب في الدول العربية خلال الفترة من 2020 إلى 2025؟، من خلال فرضيات تتعلق بالعلاقة الإيجابية بين استهلاك البودكاست وتأثيراته على الشخصية، القيم، والمعرفة، مع الأخذ في الاعتبار أن المحتوى الموجه قد يحمل فوائد أو مخاطر، تبعًا لنوعية المحتوى وجودته. وتُعد الدراسة ذات أهمية علمية وتطبيقية، إذ تسهم في إثراء المعرفة حول تأثير التكنولوجيا الرقمية على سلوكيات الشباب، وتوفر أدوات إرشادية للمختصين وصناع القرار في تصميم استراتيجيات إعلامية وتربوية فعالة، تروج لاستخدام البودكاست بشكل إيجابي، وتحد من مخاطره، بما يتماشى مع متطلبات العصر الرقمي.
subject: Media
  topic: section
subject: البودكاست، سلوك الشباب, وسائل التواصل الرقمي, التغير السلوكي .
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Alina Ali Awda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. ألينا علي عودة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 807
ending page: 789
doi: 10.31185/lark.4664

A Pragmatic Analysis of Trump’s Statements on Iran’s Nuclear Agreement
type: item
description: This research examines the prominent discursive strategies utilized by the US President Donald Trump to rationalize his choice to exit the Iran nuclear agreement. The analysis was conducted using a transcript of Trump’s speech regarding the termination of the agreement, which was delivered from the diplomatic room of the White House on May 8, 2018. By employing van Dijk’s model of claims analysis (2004), the results indicated that the most commonly employed discursive strategies by Trump included negative other representation, lexicalization, hyperbole, counterfactuals, authority, polarization, populism, and number Game. Using these strategies, Trump portrayed Iran, its nuclear program, and the agreement as a security threat to the United States, its allies in the Middle East, and the global community. As a result, Trump persuaded the audience that his decision to withdraw from the agreement was justifiably reasonable.
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Speech acts, Pragmatic analysis, van Dijk’s model, Iran's nuclear program, Speech events.
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Ehab Abid Alkaream
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. ايهاب عبدالكريم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1796
ending page: 1787
doi: 10.31185/lark.4684

The Critique of Scientism in Feyerabend’s Philosophy
type: item
description: Abstract Feyerabend criticized the prevailing notion that science is neutral and follows a fixed methodology. He emphasized that scientific progress does not always occur through adherence to rules; rather, it often emerges when these rules are broken. Therefore, his famous slogan “anything goes” should not be understood as a call for epistemological chaos, but rather as an expression of the pluralistic and complex nature of science. He also rejected the strict separation between science and other forms of knowledge, arguing that science is not inherently superior but is simply one form of thought with its own history and context. From this perspective, his critique of scientism is a call to reconsider the status of science—not as the sole authority on truth, but as a field open to debate and revision, like any other. Based on this understanding, Feyerabend’s critique is directed at scientism as a distortion of the nature of science, where it is no longer viewed as a mere method of inquiry, but turned into a dominant ideology that claims a monopoly on truth and excludes all other ways of thinking and knowing.
subject: philosophy
  topic: section
subject: Feyerabend, Methodological Pluralism, Dismantling the Authority of Science
  topic: keywords
creator: Lecturer Sundus Abdul Rasool Majid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م سندس عبد الرسول مجيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1290
ending page: 1273
doi: 10.31185/lark.4746

(Trends in Media on Social Media from Government Speech & Its Effect on the General Public) (Model Application: TikToking)
type: item
description: The study seeks to explore the main topics that the media social network is concerned with (Tik Tok) and persuasive methods that affect the Iraqi public there, the main question that the study addressed: To what extent that the media speech in the social media platforms will influence the Iraqi public attitudes towards the Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani government? The media frame theory was used by the researcher to evaluate its capacity to affect the Iraqi public, representing (200) respondents from the Baghdad Governorate general population sample adults older 18 years of age, this study have been conducted with multi stage random sample, as this is a descriptive study and having analytical survey approach, Statistical Programme for Social Science (SPSS) was used to score the responses of 200 questionnaires distributed in the research society, the researcher concluded that Iraqi citizens are active to following the news of the Iraqi government on the daily basis and a percentage of (88.5/g%) of them are interested in watching the government's news in response to citizens’ demands and complaints, followed by decisions following recommend to meeting a cabinet and the Iraqi Council of Ministers, with a percentage of 75 % (b), followed by resolutions issued after the meeting of the Iraqi Council of Ministers, with a percentage of 65.5 % (z), this helped create a positive impression about the performance of Mr. Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani’s government, some 47.5% of the researched community has a negative impression of the government (i.e. 52.5%) and that was consolidated further as the government failed to deliver on its promises when it was first formed.
subject: Media
  topic: section
subject: Media Journalism, TikTok Application Website, Iraqi Public
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Hazem Duaij Khalaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. حازم دعيج خلف الجمالي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 764
ending page: 745
doi: 10.31185/lark.4758

The Dialectics of Multiculturalism and Hybridisation in Ali Bader’s novel “The Clouds player”
type: item
description: This study examines Ali Bader’s novel “The Clouds Player” through the lens of cultural criticism, focusing on the tension between “Crisis_ ridden multiculturalism” and “Cultural hybridisation” as central narrative markers. The study adopts an approach grounded in cultural criticism, wherein multiculturalism is portrayed not as a positive form of diversity, but rather as a field of conflict and closure in which violence and repression are reproduced in various forms in both Baghdad and Brussels. In contrast, Hybridisation is presented as a horizon of liberation and a means of reshaping identity, offering the protagonist, Nabil, broader possibilities for confronting and transcending estrangement. By tracing this dialectic, the research highlights how the novel transforms narrative discourse into a critical space that interrogates identity, displacement and cultural conflict across both local and global contexts.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Multiculturalism – Hybridity – Problematic Hybridity – Cultural Difference
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Dalal Ali Husian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. دلال علي حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 168
ending page: 148
doi: 10.31185/lark.4907

The Place Identity Continuity And Its Relation To Life Satisfaction At Slum Dwellers
type: item
description: Print journalism, in its various forms، plays a fundamental role in bringing about societal change, both at the individual and societal levels. Print journalism contributes to the development of cultural and cognitive awareness. From this perspective، our study aimed to define the concept of print journalism and delve deeper into its role in societal change and raising awareness of political affairs. The research problem is crystallized in the following main question: What is the role of print journalism in achieving societal change and raising awareness of political affairs? In this study، the researcher relied on a descriptive survey approach، as it aligns with the nature of the study، its subject matter، and the objectives it seeks to achieve. The study reached several conclusions، most notably: The results showed that the most prominent motivation for reading print journalism is the desire to be informed of news and events، with 49% of the sample agreeing. The results also showed that newspapers are the most influential form of print journalism on readers' political reality، with 61% of the sample agreeing. The results revealed that print journalism contributes to increasing readers' desire to follow political events، with 57% of the sample agreeing.
subject: Media
  topic: section
subject: الصحافة المطبوعة , التغيير المجتمعي , الوعي السياسي
  topic: keywords
subject: print journalism, societal change, political awareness
  topic: keywords
creator: lecturer Muntadher Khalid Abbood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. منتظر خالد عبود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 697
ending page: 675
doi: 10.31185/lark.4906

The Impact of India–Russia Relations on Geostrategic Balances in the Indo-Pacific Region
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of Indo-Russian relations on the shifting geostrategic balances within the Indo-Pacific region—a zone increasingly central to global power competition and strategic realignment. While the partnership between Moscow and New Delhi has historical roots dating back to the Cold War, its contemporary significance lies in its adaptability to a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape marked by the intensifying U.S.-China rivalry, deepening Sino-Russian cooperation, and Russia’s gradual recalibration of its ties with Pakistan. The research analytically unpacks the dynamics of the Indo-Russian relationship through three interrelated dimensions: nuclear capabilities and deterrence, multidimensional political coordination, and strategic-economic collaboration. It further examines how these dimensions have sustained a resilient partnership amid shifting global alignments. Special attention is given to Russia’s strategic calculus in balancing its relations with China and Pakistan while preserving its core alliance with India, and to the mechanisms through which both Moscow and New Delhi navigate overlapping and sometimes conflicting regional interests.
subject: Law and Political Science
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Russia - India - Geostrategic balances - South Asia - Dynamics of bilateral interaction.
  topic: keywords
creator: Reserch: Muntadhar Aziz Rahim
creator: Prof. Dr. Ziad Tariq Al-Ani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 الباحث: منتظر عزيز رحيم، أ.د زياد طارق العاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1467
ending page: 1446
doi: 10.31185/lark.4791

Intellectual Transformations in the Poetry of Ibn Sahl al-Ishbili
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the intellectual transformations in the poetry of Ibn Sahl al-Ishbili by exploring its political, social, and religious dimensions, in order to uncover the reflections of the Andalusian context during the 7th century AH on his poetic vision. The significance of this study lies in highlighting the relationship between the poet’s personal experience and the surrounding civilizational transformations, particularly in light of political tensions, social changes, and conflicts of religious identity. The study adopts a historical-analytical approach, utilizing tools from cultural criticism to uncover the intellectual implications embedded within the poetic texts. The study concludes that Ibn Sahl’s poetry embodies a transition from individual mystical sentiment to an engagement with collective political and religious concerns. It reflects an intertwining of symbolic and doctrinal elements that reshape the image of the self and the world, with an intensive use of religious symbols and the language of alienation. The study also reveals the extent of Ibn Sahl’s influence by the changing Andalusian reality, making his poetry a multi-layered intellectual and emotional document. Thus, the intellectual transformations experienced by Andalusian poets had a clear impact on their literary output, as the Andalusian era witnessed transformations in various aspects of life and thought.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Transformation – Thought – Poetry – Ibn Sahl al-Ishbili
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. AHMED RAFEA BDAIWI Habib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. أحمد رافع بديوي حبيب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 105
ending page: 127
doi: 10.31185/lark.4698

The Significance of Certainty in Mahdist Anticipatory Discourse A Linguistic-Pragmatic Approach to Texts from Nahj al-Balagha
type: item
description: The Mahdist foresight discourse in Nahj al-Balaghah represents a unique model that combines futuristic vision with doctrinal and social analysis of the Islamic community. The study of manifestations of certainty in this discourse relies on a profound understanding of the linguistic tools and syntactic and semantic structures employed by Imam ʿAlī (A.S.) to convey a specific message for the future. Mahdist texts in Nahj al-Balaghah are not limited to transmitting future events; rather, they create collective awareness and establish a community that is morally and doctrinally prepared for the major transformations that will accompany the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (A.J.). Examining foresight-based certainty in Nahj al-Balaghah reveals a precise rhetorical mechanism that links knowledge with emotion and social action, confirming that Mahdist discourse is not merely a futuristic expectation but an educational and political instrument for reinforcing a divine future project. Accordingly, this research provides a practical model for analyzing religious texts from a ( linguistic-pragmatic perspective) , capable of uncovering the strategic depth of Mahdist discourse and its impact on shaping doctrinal, social, and political futures. This is achieved through rigorous linguistic analysis of the texts, while taking into account the pragmatic dimensions of each speech act, and comparing styles across different texts to identify recurring patterns in producing Mahdist certainty. Moreover, the study offers a linguistic-pragmatic approach to defining the relationship between language and its informative, performative, and directive functions—reflecting the profound rhetorical experience of Imam ʿAlī (A.S.) in formulating Mahdist texts.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: : certainty - Mahdist visionary discourse - Nahjul Balagha
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr Haider Karam Allah Qasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. حيدر كرم الله قاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 40
ending page: 25
doi: 10.31185/lark.4877

Encoding and Decoding Challenges in Consecutive Interpreting: Insights from Student Training Programs
type: item
description: Novice interpreters face significant challenges in mastering Consecutive Interpreting components due to the multiple difficulties they encounter during training. They must first learn to understand spoken messages before practicing encoding and taking notes skills and simultaneously decoding and converting those notes orally to interpret spoken messages. This study investigates the key challenges faced by student interpreters in the consecutive interpreting course by examining four basic elements, including comprehension, encoding notes, decoding written notes, and providing final delivery. This study included a sample of students from the Translation Department, where data was obtained from 409 students through a structured questionnaire using the Likert scale rating system. The training of student interpreters faces significant obstacles in all areas, with note-taking and comprehension having become major obstacles to academic progress. Poor comprehension skills cause additional obstacles at all different stages of interpretation. The research emphasizes the need for specialized teaching methods to be implemented to improve interpreter training by managing targeted challenges. The findings of the research contribute to translation studies by providing concrete pedagogical strategies for both teachers and trainees and even curriculum developers who seek to enhance students' abilities to deal with consecutive interpretation tasks.
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: consecutive interpreting (CI)
  topic: keywords
subject: novice interpreters
  topic: keywords
subject: encoding notes
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Teacher Lamya Rasheed Al-Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. لمياء رشيد العلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1786
ending page: 1757
doi: 10.31185/lark.4560

Persuasive Devices Used in Poetry: A Pragma Stylistic Study
type: item
description: Persuasion seeks to persuade the reader that what is happening in a novel, short story, poetry, play, or even academic nonfiction writing makes sense and can be trusted. Writers who effectively utilize persuasion make their thoughts and literary choices credible. Pragma stylistics can be considered as a branch of stylistics with the addition of a pragmatic element that establishes the speaker's style. Persuasion is an effort to alter human behavior by communicative means. Thus, the main aim of this study is to investigate the persuasive devices used in poems and to show the most dominant persuasive device in poetry. The analysis is based on Leech and Short's (2007) model of persuasive devices. Descriptive qualitative approach used in this research. The results of the analysis conducted that there were 7 persuasive techniques used in poems. Additionally, the findings proved that the highest one metaphor repeated 13 times with (23.63%), then personification 11 times with 20%. According to the results, the most dominant was a metaphor to create mental pictures by comparing two seemingly unrelated things, helping the reader visualize abstract ideas in a tangible way.
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: Persuasive devices, Pragma stylistics, metaphor, poetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Ibtihal Nafea Abdulelah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. ابتهال نافع عبدالاله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1816
ending page: 1797
doi: 10.31185/lark.4334

RETRACTED: An Investigation into the Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) Apps by University EFL Students
type: item
description: This paper has been retracted following an investigation conducted by the editorial committee of the Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics and Literature after receiving a formal complaint regarding the authenticity of some cited references. The investigation confirmed that several references listed in the article could not be verified in the cited journals, and the author did not provide valid copies or evidence of their existence when requested. According to the Lark Journal publishing ethics policy: “When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s duty to punctually inform the journal editor or publisher and to collaborate with the editor to retract or correct the paper in the form of an erratum.” Since the author failed to provide verifiable references or to cooperate with the editorial office to correct the record, the paper has been officially retracted to preserve the integrity of the scientific record. This retraction has been made in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and was approved by the editorial board of the journal. The journal regrets that this issue was not identified during the review process and apologizes to its readers for any inconvenience caused.
subject: Western languages ​​and literature
  topic: section
subject: Mobile-Assisted Language Learning, MALL apps, EFL students, language learning technology, higher education, Wasit University.
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Eltifat Neamah Odhaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asst. Lect. Eltifat Neamah Odhaib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1840
ending page: 1817
doi: 10.31185/lark.4632

The Scientific Role of Hadith Scholars from Maysan during the 3rd and 4th Hijri Centuries
type: item
description: Abstract Muslim scholars played a significant role in preserving the sources of Islamic legislation and transmitting them to the Islamic nation foremost among these sources are the noble Prophetic hadiths and the sayings of the infallible Imams (peace be upon them)· Among those scholars were the sons and prominent figures of cities in the Islamic East, particularly during the 3rd and 4th Hijri centuries a period that witnessed a flourishing of Islamic sciences and heightened scholarly activity in teaching and authorship·In this context, Islamic sources have documented the role of hadith transmitters (muhaddithīn) from the city of Maysan in preserving, transmitting, and studying hadiths both in terms of content and chain of narration as well as in scrutinizing them through the methods of al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl (criticism and validation)· These scholars include individuals whose biographical details are scattered across major classical sources, and this study sheds light on them by focusing on those whose scholarly efforts and civilizational contributions have been acknowledged in the books of hadith narrators· This includes their travels in pursuit of hadith sciences.·This study constitutes a pioneering academic effort that seeks to gather and analyze this information to introduce the biographies and historical contributions of these figures· It explores their lineage, scholarly credibility, and the scientific works they authored in the field of hadith· It also identifies their teachers from whom they learned and received authorization (ijāzah) to narrat as well as their students and those who transmitted hadiths from them among the prominent narrators of the Islamic world·
subject: History, archaeology and heritage investigation
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Scholarly Role, Hadith Narrators,Prophetic hadiths, Maysan, al-Madhārī
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Fatima Abd Saeed Al-Maliki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 د. فاطمة عبد سعيد المالكي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 469
ending page: 438
doi: 10.31185/lark.4617

Violations of Ibn Malik (672 AH) to Al-Zamakhshari (538 AH)
type: item
description: It is the habit of some Arabic scholars to stand on the opinions of other scholars on various and different Arabic issues, and in response to that they were divided into two groups: the first are supporters of those opinions, and the second are objectors; as some of the second group of scholars stand on the opinions of another scholar on a certain issue and respond with their rejection, giving their opinion that they see as correct, and accordingly some Arabic scholars made various objections to other scholars on various Arabic issues. As Ibn Malik did in his many observations of Al-Zamakhshari, and his objections to him in some places, and I have shown in this research some of these violations in various issues, and what those scholars do is nothing but enriching Arabic with valuable opinions and solid rules that provide the language and researchers with valuable information that adds another richness to Arabic.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Ibn Malik, Al-Zamakhshari, nouns, verbs, letters.
  topic: keywords
creator: .Dr Hayat Ali Hussein Jassim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د حياة علي حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 91
ending page: 68
doi: 10.31185/lark.4859

A Critical Study of the Social Dimension in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from the Perspective of the Holy Qur’an and Hadith
type: item
description: This study provides a critical reading of the goals outlined in the United Nations’ "2030 Sustainable Development Agenda." From a comparative perspective, it examines these goals alongside authentic Islamic sources, namely the Holy Qur’an, the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family), and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). The study focuses on the social dimension of the agenda, which addresses fundamental issues such as poverty, hunger, health, education, equality, justice, access to clean water, as well as peace and strong institutions. The findings reveal significant alignment in general objectives, but a fundamental divergence in philosophical foundations and implementation methodologies. Based on this, the study recommends a re-rooting of development concepts to ensure greater alignment with divine human nature and divine justice, rather than merely adhering to modern Western frameworks. It also calls for the development of an alternative development model derived from Islamic principles—one that redefines concepts like dignity, justice, and rights from a comprehensive faith-based perspective.
subject: Religious science Quranic sciences
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Holy Qur’an, Hadith, 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development, Social Dimension, Critical Study
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Hasanain Alaa Ansaf
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Taheri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م حسنين علاء حسين انصاف، أ.م.د. سید علی رضا طباطبائي، أ.م.د. محمد طاهري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1567
ending page: 1548
doi: 10.31185/lark.4767

The Synoptic analysis of upper pressure types and their impact on precipitation variation in northern Iraq
type: item
description: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the pressure system affecting northern Iraq، starting with the upper pressure patterns as the main cause of the movement of surface pressure systems، and then analyzing the surface pressure systems and revealing the relationship between upper and surface pressure patterns. As a result، any variation in these patterns will result in a variation in the different forms of precipitation in northern Iraq. The study found that cut depressions contribute (43.9%) of the total snowfall and rainfall over northern Iraq، while their contribution to the rainfall of the northern part of Iraq was (39.8%)، and their impact on snowfall was (54.4%). The polar troughs also had a clear impact on the various forms of precipitation. It is clear from the study that the greatest impact of the polar canyons caused heavy rainfall، with which the weather monitoring stations recorded the highest rainfall rates. The polar canyons also contributed significantly to snowfall، especially if the direction of the canyon is directly on northern Iraq. In this case، the weather monitoring stations in the far north of Iraq record the highest snowfall compared to the rest of the climate stations
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: upper pressure patterns، precipitation forms، low cut، polar troughs ، condensation level.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Saddam Razzaq Abbood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. صدام رزاق عبود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1359
ending page: 1335
doi: 10.31185/lark.4857

A Stylistic Study of the Text "Mudawwanat 'Abir" by the Poet Omar Al-Sarray
type: item
description: Life constitutes a dynamic interplay of attraction, conflict, and continuous debate—both among humans and between humanity and the forces of nature. These three fundamental axes form the core of all artistic and literary experiences. Thus, the artist in general and the writer in particular are the first to be stirred by the gentlest breezes and swayed by the most delicate words; they are more sensitive than a spider’s web. The text Mudawwanat 'Abir recounts a painful event—the bombing of the Al-Sarafiya Suspension Bridge. The text emerges as an emotional and impassioned response to this incident, where the poet mobilizes all his artistic capabilities and stylistic-narrative techniques to craft it like a theatrical scene. The reader or recipient visualizes every scene and event within it, hears the discourses and dialogues unfolding, and engages with it from all perspectives.
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Contemporary Iraqi Poetry, Stylistics, Omar Al-Sarray, Mudawwanat 'Abir.
  topic: keywords
creator: Reserch: Faisal Hadi Abdullah Al-Dininawi
creator: Prof. Dr. Rasoul Balavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 الباحث فيصل هادي عبدالله الدنيناوي، أ.د. رسول بلاوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 261
ending page: 242
doi: 10.31185/lark.4745

Cultural Patterns in the Novel Al-Sabīliyāt by Ismail Fahd Ismail A Reading in the Light of Cultural Criticism
type: item
description: Abstract Whoever reads the novel Al-Sabīliyāt by the novelist Ismail Fahd Ismail In the light of literary criticism might initially think that the novel supports women and contributes to producing a positive image of them contrary to the negative portrayal in patriarchal culture by assigning them the role of reviving the village of Al-Sabīliyāt in southern Iraq after it was destroyed by the Iran-Iraq war . Yet, a rereading of the novel in light of cultural criticism reveals cultural patterns that subtly slipped beneath its surface conveying implicit meanings that reinforce the pattern of deficiency , dependence , helplessness and misguidance through Umm Qasim’s insistence on imitating men as she is portrayed as lacking intellect and being the weaker and inferior creature trying to catch up with the stronger one . Everything Umm Qasim did was not from her own will or planning or thought. Rather, she followed the instructions and guidance of her husband Abu Qasim who became the absent present figure in her life through his repeated visits in her dreams eventually solidifying Umm Qasim’s character as a model of femininity in patriarchal culture which views women as perpetually waiting for men to tell them what to do and to give their lives meaning. Keywords : Pattern, Cultural Criticism, Implicit Meaning, Masculine Culture, The Novel, Sabiliyat
subject: Arabic language and literature
  topic: section
subject: Pattern, Cultural Criticism, Implicit Meaning, Masculine Culture, The Novel, Sabiliyat
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Redha Abdul Sattar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ا.م.د محمد رضا عبد الستار https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 1
doi: 10.31185/lark.4805

The legal framework for the development of joint-stock companies’ activities under Iraqi Companies Law No. 21 of 1997, as amended
type: item
description: Developing countries, including Iraq, realize the importance of achieving economic progress, and that their legislative system does not only aim to reduce the gap between backwardness and poverty, but also seeks to expand economic growth to reach the levels achieved by capitalist industrial countries in developing the legislative system and raising industrial and vital production capacities by adopting integrated legislative systems and focusing on economic legislation, including company laws, and paying attention to joint-stock companies as the most important economic tool in achieving economic progress through their development and expansion of activity. This is a procedure that we hope to achieve in the Iraqi Commercial Companies Law No. 21 of 1997, as amended, and to strive to develop the various economic structures and transform them from primitive, basic production to advanced and integrated industrial production.
subject: Law and Political Science
  topic: section
subject: Joint stock companies
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate law
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: economic progress
  topic: keywords
creator: :Assistant Lecturer Abdul Amir Kazim Hussein
creator: Assistant Lecturer Zainab Ali Khader
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. م. عبد الأمير كاظم حسين، م.م. زينب علي خضير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1445
ending page: 1421
doi: 10.31185/lark.4665

The Qur'anic Approach to Conserving Natural Resources
type: item
description: <a title="الملخص" href="https://lark.uowasit.edu.iq/index.php/lark/Abstract : One of the purposes of Islamic law is to preserve the human soul, and one of the elements of self-preservation is to provide the elements of survival and living, and this applies to all human and animal creatures of all kinds, and these elements are from the creation of the wise manufacturer, so it is recognised that the Creator is interested in his creation, and this interest requires the provision of sources of life from air, water and plant, and these sources, including what is renewable, such as plants and trees from which food and medicine are made, used for shade and decorations, preservation of the soil from nudity, a source of food and germination for crops and trees, including what is not renewable, such as air and the sun, which man needs as a source on which life is based, and from the reasons and necessities of life For all creatures, the Almighty Creator of these creations should memorise these sources, resources and components so that life for these creatures continues. The Holy Qur'anic verses have been mentioned in the Holy Qur'an that pamper and show the Almighty's method of preserving these natural resources, so I will show the Qur'anic method in preserving these natural resources and to the extent of human energy.">Abstract : One of the purposes of Islamic law is to preserve the human soul, and one of the elements of self-preservation is to provide the elements of survival and living, and this applies to all human and animal creatures of all kinds, and these elements are from the creation of the wise manufacturer, so it is recognised that the Creator is interested in his creation, and this interest requires the provision of sources of life from air, water and plant, and these sources, including what is renewable, such as plants and trees from which food and medicine are made, used for shade and decorations, preservation of the soil from nudity, a source of food and germi…
subject: Religious science Quranic sciences
  topic: section
subject: : natural resources, resources in the ground, renewable resource
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Professor Dr. Rahman Hussein Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ. م. د. رحمن حسين علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 1524
ending page: 1506
doi: 10.31185/lark.4646