Freedom of opinion and expression in the American press during the American Civil War 1861-1865
Conference on Cultural Diversity, the Basis of National Integration, College of Arts/Wasit University 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.Vol3.Iss46.2563Keywords:
press, civil war, Lincoln, freedom of speech, arbitrary measures, the Confederacy.Abstract
Freedom of opinion and expression in the press constitute one of the most important features of democratic systems in the world, and is one of the criteria for progress in it. However, these rights are often subjected to conditions that restrict or abolish it, either permanently, as in dictatorial regimes, or temporarily, as in Situations of war, infighting, and other emergency situations, Therefore, it is necessary to study both cases in order to reach the establishment of secure environment that allows the exercise of these rights at certain levels during those circumstances, in a manner that does not allow for it to be permanently abolished and to allow their exercise in every time and place, regardless of the circumstances and data. And as far as the topic of the research is concerned, we will convey in the research the experience of exercising those rights in the time of civil wars and internal fighting, and we will focus on the American civil war (1961-1865) by describing that the United States of America is, according to international standards, one of the advanced democracies in the world.
References
Cutler J. Andrews,. ((November 1966. “The Confederate Press and Public Morale.” 4. Journal of Southern History 32:، Johnson, B. (2011). , Oppression in the Defense. new york .
. Andrews,, J. C. (1955). The North Reports the Civil War ,Pittsburgh:: University of Pittsburgh Press.
. Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4, 1861,. in Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works, vol. 6.
Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11. (1861).
Abraham Lincoln, The First Address . Pennsylvania.1863.
(1863). Abraham Lincoln, The First Address , The Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863.
Ali, M. (1871). History of the United States of America " fron the discover to the continent of the organization under the federal constitution", 1492-1789,Vol. I. New york.
Banning Stephen. ((June, 46:2 2020). “Determined to Suppress Everything Like Free Speech: Lincoln’s Private Letters Reveal Aggressive Use of Newspaper Censorship,”. Journalism History، Bookbinder , J., & Gallagher, S. (2009). , First Hand: Civil War Drawings from the Becker Collection : . Chicago: University of Chicago Press,.
Diane, T., & Halperian. (2016). The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Testing the constitution Johns Hopkins University Press.
Harris, B. (1999). Special : Correspondents and Newspapers of the American Civil War. New york: Potomac Books.
James A . Dueholm. (2008). , Lincoln's Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus: ,pp.47-66. An Historical and Constitutional Analysis, Volume 29,Issue 2,Summer.
New York Times, . (June 9, 1863.). New York Times.
Kennedy, J. C. (1860). Preliminary report on the Eighth census 1860. Washington: D.C Government printing Office.
Library of congress. (2004). First Amendment . Washigton .
Manber, J. (2005). Lincoln's Wrath " Fierce Mobs , Brilliant Scounderls and a president's Mission to Destroy the Press. Napervill.: Sourcebooks.
Charleston Courier,. (May 20, 1862.). Charleston Courier,.
Message to Congress, July 4, 1861.
Michael Schearer. (2021). The Lincoln Administration and Freedom of the Press in Civil War Maryland, August 20, 2021,P.8. Maryland.
Osthaus R Carl . . (, 1994). , Partisans of the Southern Press:y و Editorial Spokesmen of the Nineteenth Centur (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press,.
Robert Vodrey Patrick Simon . ( 2011). , The Birth of Modern Journalism & The War Between the States,. Ottawa: Master of Arts , in Communication, Carleton University.
Spears Matthew . (May, 2015). , Media as Weaponry: How Civil War Media Shaped Opinion and Morale, P.12. Master of Liberal Studies, The Faculty of The Graduate School of The University of Minnesota.
Spears Matthew . (May, 2015). , Media as Weaponry: How Civil War Media Shaped Opinion and Morale, , P.12. Master of Liberal Studies, The Faculty of The Graduate School of The University of Minnesota, .
The New York Evening Post , May 16, 1863..
(بلا تاريخ). Vallandigham's Speech, 1863" "On May 1, 1863.
Wright, M. (1996). What they didn't teach you about the civil war ,. U.S.A: Presidio.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Prof. Dr. Ali Khayri Matroud
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
