Criticism of the Pseudo-Sufis in Sufi Poetry

Abstract

Sufism emerged in the early centuries of Islam, specifically in the second Hijri century. It was adopted by a group of devout and ascetic worshippers who built their approach based on the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet (peace be upon him). They felt the need to return to these sources, hold firmly to them, and renounce worldly pleasures. Gradually, Sufism evolved from being an individual practice to forming groups and sects spread across the world. This made it easier for many people to enter the world of Sufism, including those who falsely claimed affiliation with it. These individuals, however, had nothing to do with true Sufism beyond their outward appearance. Through their actions and ideas, which were far removed from Sufism’s core beliefs, they tarnished the image of Sufism and the Sufis. The true followers of Sufism, particularly Sufi poets—who are closer to Sufism than anyone else—condemned these individuals for their actions. Many poets criticized them in their poetry, denouncing their behavior. This research aims to answer the following questions: What is Sufism? Who is a true Sufi and who is a "pseudo-Sufi"? What is the difference between them? What is the methodology of the Sufis, and how have the "pseudo-Sufis" distorted and misrepresented it? What have Sufi poets said about the "pseudo-Sufis" and how did they criticize them in their poetry? What are the traits that have become associated with these "pseudo-Sufis"?