Reform movements of the Lower castes in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.3785Keywords:
India, Cast system, lower cast, untouchables, Anbdekar.Abstract
The lower castes in India (the untouchables) lived outside the hierarchy of the Indian caste system, under which they were not allowed to practice religious rituals and craft professions as freely as the upper castes. Rather, their work was limited to menial professions, and they were prohibited from entering Hindu temples. The Indian caste system was supported by the British government, as it brought gains and interests to the crown, but the cultural and social awakening, the influence of Western education and liberal ideas facilitated the awakening and growth of social reform movements in India because these ideas broke the rigidity of the caste system and aroused the lower classes in multiple reform movements for Gain social recognition, jobs and political interests for representation in Indian politics.
References
- الندوي، محمد اسماعيل (1970): الهند القديمة حضاراتها ودياناتها، القاهرة.
- لوبون، غوستاف (2014): حضارات الهند، ترجمة عادل زعيتر، القاهرة.
- النعيمي، عامر علي (2022): نظام الطبقات في الهندوسية وأثره على الهندوس وموقف كل من البوذية والإسلام منه، مجلة العلوم الإسلامية الدولية، المجلد السادس، العدد الثالث.
- لفتة، خولة طالب (2019): المنبوذين في المجتمع الهندوسي حتى عام 1956، مجلة نداء الهند، العدد 38.
- الماجدي، خزعل (2019): الحضارة الهندية، لبنان.
المصادر والمراجع الانجليزية
- Shivan, Bhawna (2019): Discourses of Identification and cultural Distinction: an overview of "Adi movement" in colonial India, IJHSSI, vol:8, Iss:3.
- Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2006): social political thought of Mahatma Gandhi, London.
- Omvedt, Gail (1994): Dalits and the Democratic Revolution, New Delhi.
- Coward, Harold (2003): Gandhi, Ambedkar and Untouchability, Harold Coward(ed), Indian Critiques of Gandhi, New York.
- Alanzi, Hussein H. (2021): Ancient India Varna and Jati "Advantages and Faults", Journal of the College of Education for Human Sciences, Wasit University, Part 12, Issue 47. https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol2.Iss47.3034
- Sharma, L.P. (1996): History of Modern India, New Delhi.
- Parad, L. (1982): Modern India 1754-1947, New Delhi.
- Mullatti, Leela (1989): The Bhakti movement and the status of women (case study of Virasaivism), New Delhi.
- Mohamed, Malik (2007): The foundations of the composite culture in India , Delhi.
- Kamble, N.D. (1979): Gandhi and scheduled castes, in Das and other (ed), Gandhi in To-Days India, New Delhi.
- Cyriack, Pullapilly (1976): The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic struggle for acceptance in the Hindu society, in Smith, Bardwell, ed, Religion and social confleet in south Asia, Leidin.
- Panneeru, Ramesh (2010): Telangana Armed struggle, Hyderabad.
- King, Richard (1999): Orientalism and Religion ( Postcolonial theory, India and the Mystic East), London.
- Natarajan, S. (1981): Political and cultural History of India, Vol: 2, Hyderabad.
- Shaji. A (2017): Politicsation of cast relations in A Princely state "communal politics in modern Travancore 1891-1947", New Delhi.
- Uppe, Shivakumar V.(2022): Major socio-Religious reform movements in India, Mahrashtra.
- Bhauu, Tabasum (2018): Emancipation of Dalits in Pre-independence India, IJCRT, Vol:6.
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024): "Dalit". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dalit. Accessed 1 August 2024.
- Lake, Timothy (2024): "Jyotirao Phule" (Indian social reformer and writer). Encyclopedia Britannica,https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyotirao-Phule. Accessed 1 August 2024.
- Mahajan, V.D. (2009): Modern Indian History from 1707 to the Present day, New Delhi.
- Agnihotri, V.K.(2009): Indian History, New Delhi.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 م.م. لارا محمود جبار
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
